Foundation of America; reports personal fees from Siolta Therapeutics outside the submitted work; has a patent "Reductive prodrug cancer chemotherapy (Stan449-PRV)" issued, a patent "Combination antibiotic and antibody therapy for the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection (WO2010091189A1)" with royalties paid by KaloBios, a patent "Therapeutic microbial consortium for induction of immune tolerance" licensed to Siolta Therapeutics, a patent "Systems and methods for detecting antibiotic resistance (WO2012027302A3)" issued, a patent "Nitroreductase enzymes (US7687474B2)" issued, a patent "Sinusitis diagnostics and treatments (WO2013155370A1)" licensed by Reflourish, and a patent "Methods and systems for phylogenetic analysis (US20120264637A1)" issued; and is a cofounder of Siolta Therapeutics, a startup developing a mixed-species microbial oral therapeutic for induction of immune tolerance. The rest of the authors declare that they have no relevant conflicts of interest.

Highlights d Neonatal colonization enables preferential tolerance to a skin commensal versus pathogen d Antigen-laden DC migration to lymph nodes leads to bacteria-specific T cell expansion d Discrimination of S. epidermidis versus S. aureus increases commensal-specific Tregs d S. aureus a-toxin increases IL-1b, which limits S. aureusspecific Tregs

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