Folding of β-barrel membrane proteins, either from a urea-unfolded form or from chaperone-bound aqueous forms, has been characterized for pure lipid bilayers. The impact of preinserted integral proteins from biomembranes has not been examined in biophysical comparisons, but this knowledge is important for the characterization of protein assembly machinery in membranes to distinguish specific effects from unspecific effects. Here, folding was studied for a β-barrel membrane protein, outer membrane protein A (OmpA) from Escherichia coli, in the absence and presence of two other preinserted integral proteins, BamA of the β-barrel assembly machinery complex (BAM) from E. coli and FomA from Fusobacterium nucleatum. Three different preformed lipid membranes of phosphatidylcholine were prepared to compare the folding kinetics of OmpA, namely, proteoliposomes containing either BamA or FomA and pure liposomes. Urea-unfolded OmpA folded faster into phosphatidylcholine bilayers containing FomA than into pure lipid bilayers, but the kinetics of OmpA folding and insertion were fastest for bilayers containing BamA. Incorporation of BamA into lipid bilayers composed of phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine greatly weakened the inhibiting effect of phosphatidylethanolamine on the folding of OmpA. Folding of OmpA from its complex with the periplasmic chaperone Skp into bilayers composed of phosphatidylethanolamine and phosphatidylcholine was inhibited in the absence of BamA but facilitated when BamA was present, indicating an interaction of Skp-OmpA complexes with BamA.

The basic biochemical and biophysical principles by which chaperone-bound membrane proteins are targeted to the outer membrane of Gram-negative bacteria for insertion and folding are unknown. Here we compare spontaneous folding of outer membrane protein A (OmpA) of Escherichia coli from its urea-unfolded form and from the complex with its periplasmic chaperone Skp into lipid bilayers. Skp facilitated folding of OmpA into negatively charged membranes containing dioleoylphosphatidylglycerol (DOPG). In contrast, Skp strongly inhibited folding of OmpA when bilayers were composed of dioleoylphosphatidylethanolamine and dioleoylphosphatidylcholine (DOPC). These results indicate that the positively charged Skp targets OmpA to a negatively charged membrane, which facilitates the release of OmpA from its complex with Skp for subsequent folding and membrane insertion. The dual functionality of Skp as a chaperone and as a targeting protein is ideal to mediate the transport of OmpA and other outer membrane proteins across the periplasm in a folding-competent form to the outer membrane, which is negatively charged on its periplasmic side. OmpA (pI 5.5) folded most efficiently above its isoelectric point. In the absence of Skp and in contrast to folding into DOPC bilayers, insertion and folding of OmpA were retarded for membranes containing DOPG at neutral or basic pH because of electrostatic repulsion. When folding of OmpA was performed near its isoelectric point, urea dilution led to a more compact aqueous form of OmpA previously characterized by fluorescence, which folded at a much slower rate. Under conditions where two different aqueous conformations of OmpA coexisted, e.g., in the titration region of OmpA, the last step of OmpA folding could be well described by two parallel pseudo-first-order kinetic phases. In this kinetic model, the contribution of the faster folding process, but not the changes in the rate constants, determined the folding yields obtained at different pH. The faster phase dominated when the experimental conditions favored the less compact form of aqueous OmpA.

The stability of OmpA in large unilamellar vesicles of dilauroyl phosphatidylcholine was studied using different concentrations of urea. The effective energy of unfolding, as determined from refolding experiments, is greater than that for small sonicated unilamellar vesicles by an amount that is compatible with estimates of the elastic energy of highly curved vesicles. The on-rate for refolding and insertion is slower for large unilamellar vesicles than for small unilamellar vesicles, which indicates a contribution of vesicle strain also to the free energy of the transition state.

Proteins belonging to the Omp85 family are involved in the assembly of ␤-barrel outer membrane proteins or in the translocation of proteins across the outer membrane in bacteria, mitochondria, and chloroplasts. The cell envelope of the thermophilic bacterium Thermus thermophilus HB27 is multilayered, including an outer membrane that is not well characterized. Neither the precise lipid composition nor much about integral membrane proteins is known. The genome of HB27 encodes one Omp85-like protein, Omp85 Tt , representing an ancestral type of this family. We overexpressed Omp85 Tt in T. thermophilus and purified it from the native outer membranes. In the presence of detergent, purified Omp85 Tt existed mainly as a monomer, composed of two stable protease-resistant modules. Circular dichroism spectroscopy indicated predominantly ␤-sheet secondary structure. Electron microscopy of negatively stained lipid-embedded Omp85 Tt revealed ring-like structures with a central cavity of ϳ1.5 nm in diameter. Single-channel conductance recordings indicated that Omp85 Tt forms ion channels with two different conducting states, characterized by conductances of ϳ0.4 nS and ϳ0.65 nS, respectively.

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atToc33 and psToc34 are GTPases-, that act as receptors for pre-protein import in the chloroplast outer envelope. Various lines of evidence suggest that the GTPase domain of atToc33 (atToc33G) dimerizes, including native PAGE studies (Weibel et al., 2003), gel-filtration experiments (Yeh et al., 2007) and filter binding assays (Koenig et al., 2008). The crystal structure of atToc33 shows that it is a monomer (Koenig et al., 2008) while psToc34 crystallizes as a dimer (Sun et al., 2002). The R130A atToc33 mutant apparently leads to monomer formation in vitro (Reddick et al., 2007; Weibel et al., 2003). Both-, atToc33-wt and atToc33-R130A bind GTP and GDP with high affinity and hydrolyse GTP with similar efficiencies (Weibel et al., 2003). To further investigate the conformations of these GTPases, and to characterize their optical spectroscopic properties, we first, expressed atToc33G and its R130A mutant in high yield. Initial characterization of these proteins by CD spectroscopy revealed significant a-helical content in their secondary structure. We also examined the effect of an increase in protein concentration of atToc33G and its R130A mutant using CD and fluorescence spectroscopy. CD spectral line shape does not change with increasing protein concentrations indicating that no or only small conformational changes occurs as the concentration increases. Fluorescence spectra for both proteins are superimposable with an intensity maximum at~320nm. The addition of GDP to both the proteins leads to reduction of intensity. No wavelength shift in emission spectrum was observed. Our spectroscopic results and anisotropy experiments show that both atToc33G and atToc33G R130A are monomeric, irrespective of the protein concentration and also in presence of GDP or GTP. Experiments to compare atToc33G and atToc33G R130A with their corresponding homologues from Pisumsativum are also presented.

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