No abstract

A 45-day feeding trial was conducted to study the effect of red ginseng marc dietary supplementation on the egg production, egg quality and blood profiles of laying hens. One hundred and sixty ISA brown layers were allocated to four treatments (0%, 0.5%, 1% or 2% red ginseng marc) with four replicates per treatment (10 layers per replicate) in wire cages. There were no differences in egg production and egg quality among red ginseng marc as the number of days of treatments increased. However, albumen and eggshell weight exhibited some differences at 30-45 days and 45 days, respectively. Red ginseng marc caused a reduction in total cholesterol at 10 days and triglyceride levels at 10-45 days or an increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at 10-45 days but does not affect low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels at 10-45 days. No effects were observed in the blood profiles for all treatments, except for red blood cells at 30 and 45 days. It was concluded that 1% or 2% red ginseng marc supplementation to laying hens' diets decreases serum cholesterol concentrations.

This study evaluated the effects of a blend of anhydrous aluminum chloride and calcium carbonate on poultry litter properties, such as pH, NH 3 emissions, and nitrogen (N) content, over a 4-week period. The chemical treatment agents used in this study were added to the poultry litter, with rice hulls at a rate of 40 g aluminum chloride＋60 g calcium carbonate/kg litter and mixed into the upper 1 cm of litter; untreated poultry litter acted as the control. When a combination of anhydrous AlCl 3 and CaCO 3 was used as an additive, NH 3 emissions were significantly reduced (P ＜0.05) by 55.3%, 56.4%, 40.1%, and 35.8% after 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks, respectively, unlike that in the control groups. Additionally, the litter pH was observed to reduce (from 6.87 to 8.23). Over time, total N and NH 4 -N contents significantly increased (P＜0.05) in litter samples with the added combination of anhydrous AlCl 3 and CaCO 3 , unlike that observed in the control litter. However, no significant differences (P＞0.05) were observed between the control and treated litters for total N at 4 weeks or NH 4 -N at 2 and 4 weeks. In conclusion, we have shown that adding a combination of chemicals to litter may be a beneficial strategy to decrease NH 3 and N loss from poultry litter.

:Response surface methodology was used to predict the optimum conditions of explosive puffing process for ginseng. A central composite design was used to monitor the effect of moisture content and puffing pressure on dependent variables such as functional compounds (extract yield, crude saponin, acidic polysaccharide, and total phenolic content) and sensory properties. Correlation coefficients (R 2 ) of models for crude saponin, acidic polysaccharide, and total phenolic content were 0.9176 (p<0.05), 0.9494 (p<0.05), and 0.9878 (p<0.001), respectively. Functional compounds increased with decreasing moisture content and increasing puffing pressure. Overall palatability was high at 15-20% moisture content and 98-294 kPa of puffing pressure. On the basis of superimposed contour maps for functional compounds and overall palatability of puffed ginseng, the optimum ranges of puffing conditions were 10-17% moisture content and 294-392 kPa puffing pressure.