Background Although, the clinical and socioeconomic condition of Tigray Regional State mothers has been improved along with the decline in the child death rate. However, children’s death rate is still one of the main community serious challenging issues of public health concern. Thus, the main objective of this current investigation was to identify the major predictor factors for short time-to-death in Children in the Tigray Regional State. Methods The study used a secondary data with cross-sectional study design. The information gathered was from 1018 childbirths 5 years prior to the survey. Independent variables such as mother’s demographic variables, child demographic variables, healthiness and environmental factors were considered major hazard predictors of children’s short time-to-death rate. This current investigation used bivariable and multivariable Cox regression model analysis to identify the major statistically significant associations with children’s time-to-death rate. Results One thousand eighteen children under 5 years of age were included in the study. Of them, 50% of the children were males, and the median survival time-to-death of children was 26 months. Overall, the prevalence of experiencing child’s death rate in the Tigray Regional State was 4.2%. The multivariable Cox regression model analysis showed that living rural place of residence (AHR = 19.8; 95% CI: (7.25–54.049)), being unvaccinated child (no) (AHR = 2.76; 95% CI: (1.071–7.11)), and poor wealth index (AHR = 15.4; 95% CI: (2.83–84)) were statistically significant predictors of time-to-death rate of children’s. Conclusion The study recognized that being a rural place of residence, unvaccinated child status (no) and poor wealth index were statistically significant predictors of children’s short time-to-death rate.

Background The under-five children mortality (UFCM) is one of the major significant and sensitive indicators of the health status of the public. Although the world has seen a remarkable and substantial decrease in UFCM since 1990, its progression rate still remains alarmingly high in Sub-Saharan African (SSA) countries, particularly in Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess predictors of mortality among under-five children in rural Ethiopia. Methods This study used a secondary data analysis of the 2019 Ethiopia Mini Demographic and Health Survey (EMDHS) report. A total of 4,425 under-five children selected at different stages were included in the final analysis. The Kaplan-Meier (K-M) and Cox proportional hazard (PH) model analyses were utilized to estimate survival time and to investigate the major predictors of mortality under-five children, respectively. An Adjusted Hazard Ratio (AHR) along with a 95% Confidence Interval (CI) was employed to measure the impact size and direction of the association. Results The study showed that 6.2% (95% CI: (5.43, 6.86)) of children died beforehand celebrating their fifth birthday in rural Ethiopia. The multivariable Cox PH regression model analysis revealed, predictors of large spacing preceding birth interval (16–26 months) (AHR = 0.61; 95% CI: (0.402–0.920)), 27–38 months (AHR = 0.72; 95% CI: (0.496–1.03)), and ≥ 39 months, multiple births (AHR = 3.9; 95% CI: (2.77–5.62)), being breastfeeding (AHR = 0.13; 95% CI: (0.099–0.162)), and unvaccinated child (AHR = 11.6; 95% CI: (1.62–83.1)) were significant predictors of under-five children mortality. Conclusions Still now, under-five children mortality remains alarmingly high in rural Ethiopia as compared to the global under-five children mortality rate. In the final multivariable Cox PH regression model analysis, birth type, preceding birth interval, vaccination of child, and breastfeeding were significant predictors of under-five children mortality. Additionally, attention should be given to multiple births, unvaccinated and non-breastfeeding children, as well as households’ better encouragement to having a large spacing preceding birth interval.

Background Breast cancer (BC) remains still is a community public health problem of world widely in both developed and under-developed countries. It is the greatest frequently happening cancer among women in sub-Saharan African countries, especially in Ethiopia. In spite of the overburden of difficulty, the predictors associated with mortality are not yet determined in Ethiopia. Besides, studies related to this area are sparse. Therefore, the main objective of this investigation was to determine the major significant predictors which influenced to shortened survival time of BC patients in Northern Ethiopia. Methods An institutional-based retrospective cross-sectional study design was conducted from September 12, 2015, to March 9, 2019, among 146 women who had BC in Northern Ethiopia. The statistical analysis was done by using STATA version 14 software. Kaplan-Meier curve for survival experience and a Log-normal regression model for predictor identification were applied. Results The overall prevalence of experiencing death rate was 18.5% in Northern Ethiopia. The selected patients were followed retrospectively for an overall estimated mean follow-up time of 28.12 months. The age range of patients was 23–78 years with a median of 48 years. The multivariable Log-normal model analysis revealed, being distant metastatic [ATR = 0.52, CI= (0.341, 0.787)], regional metastatic [ATR = 0.63, (0.423, 0.924)], Age [(ATR = 0.98, 95% CI: (0.968–0.997)], Baseline tumor size [(ATR = 0.98, 95% CI: (0.968, 0.996)], Clinical Stage IV [ATR = 0.48, 95% CI: (0.297–0.789)], illiterate [ATR = 0.52, 95% CI: (0.325–0.823)], and urban residence [ATR = 0.68, 95% CI: (0.516–0.904 )] were found to be critical risk factors of time to death breast cancer patients. Conclusion In conclusion, the findings showed that the prevalence death rate among BC patients in Northern Ethiopia still remains a critical public health problem. Being clinical stage IV, distant and regional metastasis, illiteracy education level, baseline tumor cell level, residence, and old Age were found to be the most important risk predictors for the time to death of patients. Therefore, the government and other stakeholders need to address educational opportunities; creating awareness about the diagnosis of late-stage disease and valuable counseling of screening programs on time would reduce the death rate and lengthen the survival time of patients.

Back ground: Time-to-lost follow-up and CD4 cell variation measures are the outcome variables of infection in HIV/AIDS patients after starting ART in this study. The time-to-lost follow-up from ART was determined by month time interval among dates of ART commencement to drop-out, as documented by the health information data administrator. The main goal of this study was to identify association of CD4 cell variation measurements on time-to-lost follow-up and main predictors of HIV/AIDS positive patients.Methods: Institution based retrospective cohort study design was used among 216 HIV/AIDS patients under ART follow-up from period September 11, 2013 to September 5, 2016 at Mekelle General Hospital, Ethiopia and employed both survival and longitudinal outcome to fit separate and statistical joint modeling approach.Results: A total of 216 HIV/AIDS patients were selected using systematic random sampling technique to analyze the longitudinal and survival outcome using joint model study. The result of this study showed that relationship between CD4 cell variation on hazard of time-to-lost follow-up was negatively statistical significant. Thus, time-to-lost follow-up from ART is less probable to occur in HIV/AIDS patients which have higher CD4 cell evolution. In survival sub-model Baseline CD4, sex of male, living in rural and comorbidity HIV/TB were significant factors of risk to time-to-lost follow-up from ART of HIV/AIDS patients. The longitudinal sub-model shows Baseline CD4 cell and being bedridden were significant factors of variation at 5% significance levels.Conclusions: The author assessed relationship of repeated measured CD4 cell variation on hazard of time-to-lost follow-up was negatively statistical significant and performance of both separate and statistical joint sub-models in terms model parsimony, smaller AIC & smaller standard error in statistical joint model performs. Thus, the author concluded that statistical joint model was preferred for simultaneous analyses of repeated biomarker CD4 cell and survival time-to-lost follow-up data.

Background This study assessed the impact of repeated biomarker measurements of statistical joint modeling on survival time-to-death and determines potential predictors of HIV/AIDS patients on ART in Mekelle General Hospital Ethiopia. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted among HIV/AIDS patients who were under ART follow-up during September 11, 2013 - September 5, 2016 at Mekelle General Hospital, Ethiopia. The two repeated biomarkers of longitudinal measurements and survival outcome with separate univaraite longitudinal modeling approach and statistical joint modeling approach were used to fit simultaneously. A total of 216 HIV/AIDS patients were selected by using systematic random sampling technique from ART follow-up. Results The relationship between the two biomarkers CD4 cell and body weight with risk for survival time-to-death were statistical insignificant. Thus, death is less probable to occur in HIV/AIDS patients with higher value of CD4 cell count and body weight progression. In event process the sub-model, Baseline CD4, Fair and Good Adherence, HIV/TB (yes) and Sex (male) were significant factors of risk to short survival Time-to-Death on HIV/AIDS patients. In the 1st longitudinal process sub-model, Baseline CD4, Ambulatory functional status, HIV/TB (yes), Time*Ambulatory functional status, Time*Working functional status and Time*Baseline CD4 were the significant factors of \sqrt{CD4 cell } count progression. Moreover, In 2nd longitudinal process sub-model, visit Time of follow-up, Age, Sex (male), Baseline weight, Time*Ambulatory and Time*Working functional status were the significant factors of log 10(body weight) progression. Conclusion Both governmental and non-governmental stakeholders should pay special attention for HIV positive adults, especially for those who had developed HIV/TB, male, bedridden functional status, poor adherence and lower Baseline CD4 cell count progression so that mortality due to HIV/AIDS optimally reduced.