In
this work we studied the reactions of benzothiazole sulfones
and sulfoxides toward reactive sulfur species. The reaction of thiols
with benzothiazole sulfones produces sulfinic acids (RSO2H), which can further react with sulfane sulfurs to form thiosulfonic
acids (RSO2SH). This was used to design fluorescent sensors
for hydrogen polysulfides. The reaction of thiols with benzothiazole
sulfoxides produces sulfenic acids (RSOH), which can undergo fast
intramolecular cyclization and be used to design thiol-triggered fluorescent
sensors.
Sulfane sulfurs, which include hydropersulfides (RSSH), hydrogen polysulfides (H2Sn, n > 1), and polysulfides (RSnR, n > 2), play important roles in cellular redox biology and are closely linked to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) signaling. While most studies on sulfane sulfur detection have focused on sulfane sulfurs in the whole cell, increasing the recognition of the effects of reactive sulfur species on the functions of various subcellular organelles has emerged. This has driven a need for organelle-targeted detection methods. However, the detection of sulfane sulfurs, particularly of RSSH and H2Sn, in biological systems is still a challenge due to their low endogenous concentrations and instabilities. In this review, we summarize the development and design of organelle-targeted fluorescent sulfane sulfur probes, examine their organelle-targeting strategies and choices of fluorophores (e.g., ratiometric, near-infrared, etc.), and discuss their mechanisms and ability to detect endogenous and exogenous sulfane sulfur species. We also present the advantages and limitations of the probes and propose directions for future work on this topic.
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