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Following the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (UN-SDGs), which place emphasis on relevant concerns that encompass access to energy (SDG-7) and sustainable development (SDG-8), this research intends to reexamine the relationship between urbanization, CO 2 emissions, gross capital formation, energy use, and economic growth in South Korea, which has not yet been assessed using recent econometric techniques, based on data covering the period between 1965 and 2019. The present study utilized the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL), dynamic ordinary least square (DOLS), and fully modified ordinary least squares (FMOLS) methods, while the gradual shift and wavelet coherence techniques are utilized to determine the direction of the causality. The ARDL bounds test reveals a long-run linkage between the variables of interest. Empirical evidence shows that CO 2 emissions trigger economic growth. Thus, based on increasing environmental awareness across the globe, it is necessary to change the energy mix in South Korea to renewables to enable the use of sustainable energy sources and establish an environmentally sustainable ecosystem. Moreover, the energy-induced growth hypothesis is validated. This result is supported by the causality analysis, which shows a one-way causality running from energy consumption to GDP in South Korea. This suggests that South Korea cannot embark on conservative energy policies, as such actions will damage economic progress. Additionally, a unidirectional causality is seen from CO 2 emissions and energy consumption to economic growth. These findings have far-reaching consequences for GDP growth and macroeconomic indicators in South Korea.

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The study aims to explore the causal linkage between CO2 emissions, economic growth and energy consumption in Thailand utilizing the wavelet coherence approach, conventional Granger and the Toda-Yamamoto causality techniques. In this study, In this study, time-series data spanning the period between 1971 and 2018 were used. No prior study has used the wavelet coherence approach to collect information on the association and causal interrelationship among these economic variables at different frequencies and timeframes in Thailand. The study objectives are structured to answer the following question: Does economic growth and energy consumption lead to CO2 emissions in Thailand?. The findings revealed that: (a) Changes in economic growth led to changes in CO2 emissions in Thailand at different frequencies (different scales) between 1971 and 2018. (b) A bidirectional causal relationship between CO2 emissions and energy consumption. (c) A positive correlation between CO2 emissions and energy usage in the short and long-run between 1971 and 2018. (d) A positive correlation between GDP growth and CO2 emissions in the short and long-run between 1971 and 2018. The study suggested that Thailand should initiate stronger policies towards enhancing the efficiency of energy and energy-usage programs to minimize unnecessary energy waste.

The present study aims to close this gap in the literature by exploring the effect of public-private partnerships in energy and financial development on Brazil's ecological footprint by considering the impact of renewable energy and economic growth using data spanning from 1983 to 2017. The study utilized several techniques such as ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR to examine the relationship between ecological footprint and the determinants, while the Gradual shift causality test was utilized to capture the causal linkage between the series in the presence of structural break. The outcome of the Maki Cointegration test revealed evidence of a long-run association among the variables of interest. Furthermore, the results of the ARDL, FMOLS, DOLS, and CCR tests revealed that economic growth and public and private investment in energy increase environmental degradation while both renewable energy and financial development mitigates it. Moreover, the Gradual shift causality test revealed a bidirectional causal linkage between ecological footprint and economic growth. The present study recommends establishing a forum that will foster public and private partnerships to enhance communication, which will create collaboration for new initiatives for green technological innovations. Additionally, the financial market can be assisted by the government by formulating a framework that would promote low carbon technology development.