Suaeda maritima is an annual species that grows in salt marshes and tolerates not only salt but also flooding, although plants are smaller at lower than at higher elevations of salt marshes. We investigated whether adventitious roots play a role in tolerance to flooding and how flooding affects ion accumulation in the shoots, a determinant of growth in this species. We examined the response of plants grown in Stout and Arnon culture solution to different periods of flooding at different salinities and verified our results with plants grown in other culture solutions (Hoagland and Yoshida). We measured growth, photosynthesis and estimated stomatal frequency as well as the accumulation of Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and K+: plants grew and photosynthesised optimally in 200-mM Na+ (in Stout and Arnon solution), but the optimal concentration for growth increased to 450 mM when in Yoshida solution. Flooding always decreased growth, but had little effect on Na+ concentrations. Although plants produced adventitious roots, their mass decreased rather than increased with flooding. The decrease in production of adventitious roots under flooded conditions suggested that they were not important in the tolerance of this species to submergence—an unusual response compared with the general response of flooding-tolerant plants.
Apple rot is one of the most important apple diseases worldwide. The disease causes significant losses in both the quantity and quality of apple fruits. In this study, the antifungal activity of hot water treatment and salts were investigated against apple fruit rots caused by Alternaria porri and Alternaria mali. Linear growth of tested fungi was inhibited at 5ºC, however, growth was increased by increasing storage temperature degree from 15ºC to 25ºC and decreased at 35ºC. On the other hand, hot water treatment at 55ºC significantly reduced the decay index and severity of infection. When salts such as potassium bicarbonate (KCO3), calcium chloride (CaCl2), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and ammonium bicarbonate (NH4CO3) was applied, a significant reduction in linear growth and fruit rot incidence was noticed using potassium bicarbonate. Calcium chloride, ammonium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate greatly inhibited growth of A. porri and A. mali. The most effective inhibitor of fruit decay was potassium bicarbonate and calcium chloride.
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