Ecotourism has been promoted in many regions of Indonesia as a viable platform for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation in developing countries (REDD+) by providing incentives to local communities for their forest conservation efforts. This study aims to find opportunities for implementing REDD+ in Bali through ecotourism market segmentation analysis, and to provide policy implications to other developing countries under similar circumstances. The results indicate that two clusters—“nature-seeking responsible tourists” and “wellness-seeking responsible tourists”—were selected as Bali’s target clusters. Since both have higher motivation and a more responsible attitude than other clusters, they are capable of not only sustaining a symbiotic relationship between the ecotourism destination and the visitor, but also attracting potential tourists with similar characteristics, ultimately contributing to the sustainable tourism business in the region. In conclusion, building a marketing strategy based on the understanding of the tourists will promote forest conservation effectively, while also playing an important role in REDD+ implementation by bringing sustainable tourism income to the local community.
The purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between official development assistance (ODA) on CO2 emissions based on both direct and indirect frameworks, using the annual panel data of 30 recipient countries of Korea from 1993 to 2017. It employs a modified impact, population, affluence, and technology (IPAT) model and a simultaneous equation framework for the direct model and indirect model, respectively. The empirical results suggest that ODA has both a direct and an indirect mitigation impact in the recipient countries. Compared to the direct impact, a small indirect mitigation impact of ODA on CO2 emissions is derived. However, the estimation results of the environmental Kuznets curve (EKC) equation imply that economic growth has the potential of mitigating the environmental degradation when the economic development in recipient countries of Korea reaches a certain level. Therefore, the bilateral cooperation, through ODA and the supportive policy, should make an effort to promote economic development and mitigation of environmental degradation in developing countries.
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), also known as Global Goals, were adopted by the United Nations (UN) in 2015 with a universal call for action to achieve a better and global sustainable future by 2030. Public-private partnerships (PPPs) have been recognized as an innovative mechanism for achieving UN SDGs because they help the public sector provide basic goods and services by enabling the use of the experience and funds of the private sector. This study examines the PPP network by visualizing the relationship among stakeholders through social network analysis. Considering the case of the Partnership for Green Growth and Global Goals 2030 (P4G), this study investigates the actors and the relationship between the actors by stage and year. As a result, the study visualized the network of PPPs in P4G, thereby revealing that the partnerships were evolving since the participants’ relationships became stronger each year. Moreover, the role of each actor became clearer at each stage. The findings provide practical guidance for practitioners interested in promoting international development cooperation through PPPs in the future.
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