CHANGES IN THE GINGIVAL TISSUES during pregnancy have been termed "pregnancy gingivitis." During this period, the gingiva may appear hyperemic and enlarged and bleeding may be frequent during brushing or on external manipulation. Histopathologic evidence suggests that the microscopic changes observed in the gingiva during pregnancy do not differ from the microscopic changes observed in gingivitis in nonpregnant females. It is suggested that an accentuated inflammatory response to local irritants during pregnancy is the basic cause for the altered appearance of the gingival structures. Löe et al, in a cross-sectional study, examined 121 pregnant and 61 postpartum women. He reported that 100 percent of the women examined during pregnancy and postpartum demonstrated gingival changes which at the clinical level can be adequately described as inflammation of the gingiva (gingivitis), and that the severity of these changes were significantly higher in pregnant than in postpartum patients.
The purpose of this investigation was to apply longitudinal epidemiologic techniques to:1. Measure the prevalence of periodontal disease during pregnancy and postpartum.
Document the gingival and periodontal changesduring pregnancy and postpartum. 3. Determine what influence, if any, the gingival changes have on the underlying periodontium during pregnancy. 4. Document the presence of hard and soft irritants in the mouth during pregnancy and postpartum. 5. Determine what role local irritants play in the etiology of periodontal disease during pregnancy and postpartum.
Anonymized reflection was employed as an innovative way of teaching ethics in order to enhance students' ability in ethical decision making during a Care of the Dying Patient and Family' module. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected from the first two student cohorts who experienced anonymized reflection ( n = 24). The themes identified were the richness and relevance of scenarios, small-group work and a team approach to teaching. Students indicated that they preferred this style of teaching. This finding was verified by a postal questionnaire conducted four months later. The conclusions drawn from this study suggest that using anonymized reflection is an effective method for teaching ethics to nurses and indicates that learning about ethical issues in this way reduces uncertainties.
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