Introduction: Hepato-renal toxicity is a devastating, non-communicable disease. Because of a lack of information on low-cost management to combat the disease, this study postulates the ameliorative effect of selected phytoconstituents against toxicity. Aim and Objective: The current study reveals an active phytoconstituent, α- Pinene, that has the ability to combat the degenerative effects of CCl4. Methodology: Carbon tetrachloride (CCl4) is an organic xenobiotic molecule as well as the most potent hepatotoxic agent used (1200 mg/kg body weight; i.p.) to induce hepato-renal toxicity in experimental rats. To determine in vivo hepato-renal toxicity, three different doses (0.05 ml/kg body weight, 0.1 ml/kg body weight, and 0.15 ml/kg body weight; intraperitoneally) were chosen. Vitamin C at the dose of 250 mg/kg/p.o. was used as a standard, due to its maximum ameliorative activity against oxidative damage in CCl4-induced hepato-renal toxicity in rats. For 7 days, the animals were pre-treated with α-pinene and Vitamin C. CCl4 was charged only on the 7th day. Result and Conclusion: The related biochemical tests were studied. CCl4 intoxication reduces mitochondrial membrane potential in liver and kidney cells, which accelerates excessive intracellular ROS production, but α-pinene pretreatment successfully restores it in both liver and kidney cells. Pretreatment with α-pinene and vitamin C for 7 days increased intracellular ameliorative capability in hepatic and renal cells significantly (p 0.01). In conclusion, α-pinene is capable of restoring antioxidant status by quenching intracellular ROS. As a result, α-pinene has the potential to provide hepatoprotective and nephroprotective effects against CCl4-induced toxicity in rats.
Neurodegeneration is one of the common disease conditions globally. The animal models give resemblance to these disease conditions. By using various animal models it can be easy to study the disease in detail with their pathology, history, mechanism of drug. Animal models are crucial for researchers to find out preventing measures of neurodegenerative diseases. The intention of writing this review paper is to give a brief idea about neurodegenerative disorder and the possible animal models that are recently in use with their short introduction. This paper also explains the future expected animal model that should overcome the previous model’s lacuna. Neurodegeneration is a global health concern now. So to study disease pathology and finding advanced therapy is a challenge. For thorough understanding of this condition there are various animal models that provide deep information at molecular and cellular level. The genetic models are also present that mainly concern for mutation and studying the factors that contribute to the happening of disease conditions. It will be fruitful to study such factors that are responsible for causing disease, so that one can treat conditions by preventing or stopping the genetic risk factors by various drug mechanisms. Studying the neurodegeneration process using animal models is quite interesting.
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