A biotransformation mixture which contained codeine and washed cells of Pseudomonas putida M10 gave rise to a number of transformation products that are of clinical importance which included hydrocodone, dihydrocodeine and 14beta-hydroxycodeine. Incubations with the same organism and codeinone gave rise to 14beta-hydroxycodeinone and 14beta-hydroxycodeine. Cell-free extracts and membrane fractions of P. putida M10 were shown to catalyse the 14beta-hydroxylation of codeinone. In addition, the potent analgesic oxycodone was shown to be produced from 14beta-hydroxycodeinone.
BACKGROUNDProptosis is defined as the abnormal anterior protrusion of the globe beyond the orbital margins. 1 It is an important clinical manifestation of various orbital as well as systemic disorders. Aetiology ranging from infection to malignant tumours, among which space occupying lesions within the orbits are the most important. Proptosis is defined as an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball.
MATERIALS AND METHODSA total of 32 patients referred from various departments mainly from ophthalmology and medicine with history and clinical features suggestive of proptosis were evaluated in our department and after proper history taking and clinical examination, Computed Tomography (CT) scan was done.
RESULTSThe age of the patients ranged from 1-55 years. Associated chief complaints in case of proptosis were in decreasing order from pain / headache, restricted eye movement, diminished vision and diplopia. Mass lesions (46.87%) were the most common cause of proptosis followed by inflammatory lesions (37.5%). Trauma vascular lesions and congenital conditions were infrequent causes of proptosis. In children, common causes of proptosis were retinoblastoma (35.71%) and orbital cellulitis (28.57%) and in adults the common causes were thyroid ophthalmopathy (22.22%), trauma (16.66%) and pseudo-tumour (16.66%).
CONCLUSIONMass lesions (46.87%) were the most common cause of proptosis followed by inflammatory lesions (37.5%). CT scanning should be the chief investigation in evaluation of lesions causing proptosis. It is the most useful in detecting characterising and determining the extent of disease process. The overall accuracy of CT scan in diagnosis of proptosis is 96.87%.
BACKGROUND Orbit is a pyramidal shaped anatomical space bound by orbital bones whose apex is continued posteriorly as the optic canal and rectangular base opens into the face. Though a series of canal, fissures and foramina communicate with extra orbital compartment, it is a closed compartment with broad opening anteriorly. Orbit contains the eye ball, extra ocular muscles, vascular elements, nerves, lacrimal gland and connective tissue. Proptosis is defined as an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball. MATERIALS AND METHODS Total 32 patients referred from various departments mainly from ophthalmology and medicine with history and clinical features suggestive of proptosis were evaluated in our department and after proper history taking and clinical examination, Computed Tomography (CT) scan and histopathological diagnosis was done. RESULTS The age of the patients ranged from 1-55 years. Mass lesions (46.87%) were the most common cause of proptosis followed by inflammatory lesions (37.5%). Trauma, vascular lesions and congenital conditions were infrequent causes of proptosis. Unilateral proptosis was more frequent (84.37%) than bilateral proptosis (15.62%) and thyroid ophthalmopathy accounted for 60% of bilateral proptosis cases. CONCLUSION Mass lesions were the most common cause of proptosis followed by inflammatory lesions. CT scanning should be the chief investigation in evaluation of lesions causing proptosis. It is the most useful in detecting, characterising and determining the extent of disease process. The overall accuracy of CT scan in diagnosis of proptosis was 96.87%.
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