Das Erstellen und Weitergeben von Kopien dieses PDFs ist nicht zulässig. for data protection and privacy are also evident in the European Council's Stockholm Programme, which commits to ensuring the respect of core data protection principles, 2 both by evaluating the functioning of existing instruments 3 and by building "a comprehensive protection scheme." 4 Anchored in a new Information Management Strategy for EU internal security, 5 the new EU approach to personal data promises to be mindful both of law enforcement "business needs" and data protection. Article 8 of the ECHR provides that "everyone has the right to respect for his private and family life, his home and his correspondence". Data protection has been developed by the ECtHR as an aspect of privacy protection in its considerable jurisprudence on Article 8. For example in M.S. v. Sweden, the Strasbourg court stated that "the protection of personal data […] is of fundamental importance to a person's enjoyment of his or her right to respect for private and family life as guaranteed by Article 8 of the Convention". 6 Another Article 8, that of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights, establishes data protection as a fundamental right, providing that personal data may however "be processed fairly for specified purposes and on the basis of the consent of the person concerned or some other legitimate basis laid down by law". 7 Yet European legislation on data protection in the Area of Freedom, Security and Justice is fragmented, presenting a complex patchwork of regulation. Police and judicial cooperation in criminal matters are excluded from the scope of the 1995 Data Protection Directive. 8 A Framework Decision, adopted in 2008, does not apply to domestic processing of data for law enforcement and security matters and features wide exemptions to the main principles of data protection consolidated in the 1995 Directive. 9 Additio-2 "[B]asic principles such as purpose limitation, proportionality, legitimacy of processing, limits on storage time, security and confidentiality as well as respect for the rights of the individual, control by national independent supervisory authorities, and access to effective judicial redress need to be ensured[…]": Section 2.5, Stockholm Programme. 3 Section 2.5, Stockholm Programme. 4 Ibid. 5 See Chapter 4, Stockholm Programme. 6 M.S. v. Sweden, judgment of 27 August 1997, para 41. 7 Article 8. Protection of personal data 1. Everyone has the right to the protection of personal data concerning him or her. 2. Such data must be processed fairly for specified purposes and on the basis of the consent of the person concerned or some other legitimate basis laid down by law. Everyone has the right of access to data which has been collected concerning him or her, and the right to have it rectified. 3. Compliance with these rules shall be subject to control by an independent authority. 8 See Article 3(2), first indent, of Directive 95/46/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 24 October 1995 on the protection of individuals wi...
The optimization process in the oil industry requires a number of technical applications as well as significant manpower, expertise, and skills to develop robust reservoir and production engineering workflows. Several studies have reported that up to 70% of an engineer's time is spent in gathering, formatting, translating, and parsing data among applications. Often, engineers are focused on isolated problems and deliver results that are optimized for that element of study. The optimization process frequently involves time-consuming iterations of input variables building output profiles, from which engineers will choose the optimum result. This optimized output data is then taken to the next step in the chain to optimize the subsequent study. These intermittent optimization choices may not deliver suitable input parameters on suboptimal output of the subsequent analyses. Because these sensitivities magnify through the optimization processes, ultimate recovery profiles and field economics are often suboptimal. Even with today's highly integrated databases and enhanced computing power, the traditional working processes will deliver suboptimal outputs. This paper discusses new toolkits that can model a full chain of application driven data manipulations to assess the ultimate economic effect of engineering decisions such that the best system-wide (holistic) choices can be exploited; the whole of the system is more than the sum of its parts. The holistically optimum result produces the practical natural optimum of the actual operational process. We will demonstrate how holistic optimization processes can greatly enhance workflows for production and reservoir management, fracture design, water conformance, and field development planning.
When the idea of this special edition occurred to the team behind the New Journal of European Criminal Law, my first thought was to go back through all of Scott Crosby’s contributions in print as editor-in-chief and see whether a mini-retrospective on the themes and views therein would be worthy of inclusion here – by Scott’s own standards. These notes focus on what gradually became the single biggest concern expressed in Scott’s editorials: the perilous position of the European Convention on Human Rights (ECHR) in a post-Brexit UK – in concreto, the prospect of what he labelled ‘Brexit plus’: a British exit from the ECHR system. I begin with Scott’s views on the European Union (EU) Referendum and the Brexit process. Next comes the great uncertainty currently surrounding the future of Convention rights in the United Kingdom, set against the emphasis placed by the editorials on the instrumental role of the ECHR in fostering peace across the whole of Europe, within and beyond the territory of the EU. In the event that Brexit plus should materialise, writing in the wake of polls showing all-time record support in Scotland for secession from the United Kingdom I close by asking whether Scotland might be able to ‘leave a light on for Strasbourg’.
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