Enzymes are highly efficient and selective biocatalysts, present in the living beings. They exist in enormous varieties in terms of the types of reactions catalyzed by them for instance oxidation–reduction, group transfers within the molecules or between the molecules, hydrolysis, isomerization, ligation, bond cleavage, and bond formation. Besides, enzyme based catalyses are performed with much higher fidelity, under mild reaction conditions and are highly efficient in terms of number of steps, giving them an edge over their chemical counter parts. The unique characteristics of enzymes makes them highly applicable fora number of chemical transformation reactions in pharmaceutical industries, such as group protection and deprotection, selective acylation and deacylation, selective hydrolysis, deracemization, kinetic resolution of racemic mixtures, esterification, transesterification, and many others. In this review, an overview of the enzymes, their production and their applications in pharmaceutical syntheses and enzyme therapies are presented with diagrams, reaction schemes and table for easy understanding of the readers.
Aim: Development and optimization of an efficient and inexpensive medium for succinic acid production by Escherichia coli under anaerobic conditions.
Methods and Results: Initially, 0·8 gl−1 of succinic acid was produced in 60 h in 300‐ml medium. On optimization, glucose and peptone were replaced by cane molasses and corn steep liquor. Three hundred ml of this medium was inoculated with 4% (v/v) of seed inoculum, incubated at 39°C for 72 h, resulted in 7·1 gl−1 of succinic acid in 36 h. Scale up in a 10‐l fermentor under conditions of controlled pH and continuous CO2 supply in this medium resulted in 17 gl−1 of succinic acid in 30 h.
Conclusions: A ninefold increase in succinic acid production was obtained in 500‐ml anaerobic bottles with optimized medium having cane molasses and corn steep liquor as against initial medium containing glucose and peptone. However, a subsequent scale up in a 10‐l fermentor resulted in a 2·5‐fold increase in succinic acid production as against optimized medium used in 500‐ml anaerobic bottles.
Significance and Impact of the Study: Succinic acid production was enhanced in medium consisting of inexpensive carbon and nitrogen sources in a shorter span of time.
Aims: To isolate and enhance the yield of a bacterial milk clotting protease (MCP) through process optimization and scale up.
Materials and Results: Bacillus subtilis was isolated as MCP producer with good milk clotting activity (MCA) per proteolytic activity (PA) index. The enzyme production was inducible with casein and enhanced with fructose and ammonium nitrate resulting in 571·43 U ml−1 of enzyme.
Conclusions: Medium containing 4% fructose, 0·75% casein, 0·3% NH4NO3 and 10 mmol l–1 CaCl2, pH 6·0, inoculated with 4% (v/v) inoculum, incubated at 37°C, 200 rev min−1 for 72 h gave maximum production. A 6·67‐fold increase in MCP yield with very high MCA per PA index was observed after final optimization indicating similarity to rennets.
Significance and Impact of the Study: Mostly fungal MCPs have been reported. The MCA and MCA per PA index of this bacterium is comparable to that of many fungal reports and better than quite a few bacterial MCPs. Thus, this enzyme by B. subtilis has good probability of successful use in cheese production.
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