The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) is a technique in molecular biology to amplify a single or a few copies of a piece of DNA across several orders of magnitude, generating thousands to millions of copies of a particular DNA sequence. PCR is now a common and often indispensable technique used in medical and biological research labs for a variety of applications. There are three major steps involved in the PCR technique: denaturation, annealing and extension. PCR is useful in the investigation and diagnosis of a growing number of diseases. PCR is also used in forensics laboratories. PCR can identify genes that have been implicated in the development of cancer. The present paper is an attempt to review basics of PCR in relation to its methods, application and use.
AbstractsSialolithiasis stands for the most etiology of salivary gland obstruction which leads to recurrent painful swelling of the involved gland which often increases while eating. Stones may be seen in any of the salivary glands but mostly seen in submandibular gland and its ducts. Here is a case of 67 years old male patient who had a giant submandibular sialolith. Orthopantomograph was used to confirm the clinical diagnosis. The sialolith was removed with intraoral approach and no postoperative complications were noted. The article also reviews the various available diagnostic modalities and treatment options.
Lasers are the direct application of light energy with biomodulatory capacity on body cells. Photo acceptors (cytochrome c oxidase) can absorb low level lasers irradiation and transfer it inside mitochondria in order to provide cell energy (ATP) which is the product cytochrome c oxidase and Krebs cycle. In final the stimulation of ATP synthesis results in increased cell activity. Biomodulatory effects of low level laser therapy comprise the following: macrophages, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, endothelial cells and keratinocytes proliferation; increase ATP synthesis and cell respiration, growth factors and other cytokines release, change of fibroblasts to myofibroblasts; change in inflammatory mediators level (histamine and prostaglandins); increase in oxygen transport and improve in glucose consumption; changes in cell membrane potential and permeability, sodium/potassium pump excitation and more calcium removal, vasodilatation , angiogenesis & collagen synthesis. 5
The gingiva (gum) is the protective type of skin that is closely adapted to the necks of the teeth and covers the bone holding the roots of the teeth. Healthy gingiva is usually coral pink, but may contain physiologic pigmentation. Changes in color, particularly increased redness, together with edema and an increased tendency to bleed, suggest an inflammation that is possibly due to the accumulation of bacterial plaque. This article throws light on the types of gingiva, different cells present in gingiva, gingival disease etc. A review of some patents on gingiva is also provided that summarizes the recent advancements taken place in this area.
A periodontal pocket refers to an unusually deep gingival sulcus. When the sulcular depth exceeds three millimeters, regular brushing cannot effectively remove debris from the area. At this point, dental intervention is necessary in order to thoroughly clean the infected area. If a deep gingival sulcus is not attended to, debris build-up could lead to a weakened tooth due to loosening of the attachment fibers that hold teeth in place. This article throws light on the normal appearance of gingiva, gingival disease periodontal pockets, etc. A review of some patents on periodontal pockets is also provided that summarizes the recent advancements taken place in this area.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.