Acetylation is a method of chemically modified starch that can be used to improve the physicochemical properties of starch. The aim of the study was to obtain the pH and concentration of acetic anhydride which gave the best effect on the physicochemical characteristics of acetylated sago starch. The study was arranged using a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern in combination with a suspension pH of 7.0; 8.0; 9.0 and 10.0 with acetic anhydride concentrations of 3%, 6%, 9%, 12% and 15% (volume/weight). The parameters of research include acetyl percent, degree of substitution (DS), water holding capacity (WHC), oil holding capacity (OHC), swelling power, solubility and degree of clarity of the paste. The results at research showed that the combination suspension pH of 8 and 15% concentration of acetic anhydride gave optimal physicochemical characteristics of acetylated sago starch. The all concentrations of acetic anhydride (3 to 15%, v/w) were acetyl percent, DS, solubility and the degree of clarity of the paste increased with the increasing. The WHC and OHC tend the decreasing with the increasing concentration of acetic anhydride. Swelling power was stable with increasing concentration of acetic anhydride.
The objectives of the study were to obtained the optimal combination of starch concentration and reaction time in the synthesis of phosphorylated arenga starches. Synthesis of phosphorylated arenga starches using sodium tripolyphosphate reagents and arenga starch 20 and 30% (b/v) with variations of time reaction 30 and 45 min. Chemical, functional and rheological characteristics of phosphorylated arenga starcheswere investigated i.e. percent phosphate and degree of substitution (DS), binding of phosphate groups using FourierTransform Infrared (FTIR), water and oil holding capacity (WHC, OHC), swelling power and solubility and emulsion separation volume. The results showed a combination of 30% arenga straches with a reaction time 45 min were optimal combination that to produced phosphorylated arenga starches with the highest of phosphate content (2.710%) and DS 0.147. The FTIR spectra of phosphorylated arenga starches have been a change in vibration of OH groups that replace the reaction of phosphate groups with OH in starch molecules. WHC and swelling power increased, but solubility phosphorylated arenga starches decreased with the in increasing combination of arenga starch concentration and reaction time. The emulsion separation volume the most stable at the combination of highest arenga starch concentration and the long reaction time. Phosphorylated arenga starches which produced were used as emulsifiers for food aplication
Native arenga starch has infirmity physicochemical properties so that its use is limited to functional food. Dual modification is a starch processing to improve physicochemical properties of starch. The objective is to determine the optimum concentration of sodium trimetaphosphate (STMP) based on the physicochemical properties of the phosphate butyrate arenga starch (PBAS) from dual modification of butyrylation and phosphorylation. The method of making PBAS is using butyric anhydride 5% (w/v) and STMP concentration variation consisting of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, 10% and 12% (w/w) of the starch weight repeated three times and native arenga starch as a comparison. Physicochemical properties analyzed were percent butyryl, degree of substitution (DS), phosphate content, binding of butyrate phosphate with fourier transform infrared (FTIR), water, starch, amylopectin, amylose and ash contents. The results showed that the optimal STMP concentration range of 4-6% based on percent butyryl, DS and phosphate content that produce PBAS suitable for functional food ingredients. Binding of the functional group of PBAS formed a new peak in the FTIR spectra at wave number 1365.60 cm-1 which indicates the presence of phosphate (P=O) groups of STMP on starch molecules. The water content of PBAS decreased with increasing STMP concentrations. The amylose, amylopectin and ash contents of PBAS were changed after the process of butyrylation and phosphorylation. PBAS is potential as a functional food ingredient due to its butyrate and phosphate contents.
Pengolahan kakao terpadu merupakan suatu sistem yang menggabungkan kegiatan pengolahan kakao secara menyeluruh, sehingga diharapkan dapat menjadi salah satu solusi alternatif bagi peningkatan kesejateraaan masyarakat serta pengembangan desa secara terpadu, bagi masyarakat di Kecamatan Ampibabo.Pelaksanaan pengolahan kakao terpadu melalui kuliah kerja nyata pembelajaran pemberdayaan masyarakat (KKN-PPM) dilaksanakan di Desa Tolole, Toga dan Tanampedagi Kecamatan Ampibabo Kabupaten Parigi Moutong. Program KKN-PPM bertujuan untuk pemberdayaan masyarakat petani dalam penegelolaan tanaman kakao dan mengembangkan pengolahan kakao terpadu. Target khusus adalahmeningkatkan pengetahuan dan keterampilan masyarakat sasaran terkait pengolahan kakao terpadu secara berkelanjutan serta meningkatkan partisipasi masyarakat dalam kegiatan pembangunan dan pengembangan desa berbasis tanaman kakao. Untuk mencapai tujuan dan target tersebut, akan dilakukan pemberdayaan masyarakat khususnya bagi kelompok sasaran masyarakat petani kakao. Program KKN-PPM dilakukan melalui pendampingan mahasiswa KKN UNTAD sebanyak dua kali angkatan yaitu angkatan 80 dan 81.Hasil program kerja angkatan 80 meliputi pembuatan bokashi dari kulit dan daun kakao secara berkelanjutan dilahan perkebunan kakao, pembuatan pakan ternak dari kulit kakao, pemuatan teh dari daun kakao dan penerapan teknologi fermentasi biji kakao. Hasil program kerja KKN angkatan 81 diantaranya teknologi pengolahan biji kakao menjadi bubuk coklat, pasta cokelat dan lemak cokla serta olahan produk lainnya seperti eskrim berbagai bentuk dan varian rasa, minuman cokelat dan silverquin berbagai varian bentuk dan isi. Program kerja tersebut telah dilaksanakan secara berkelanjutan dan masyarakat petani memiliki keterampilan dalam pembuatan bokashi untuk pupuk perkebunan kakao, dapat membuat pakan ternak dan melakukan fermentasi biji kakao. Teknologi pengolahan biji kakao menjadi aneka produk olahan kakao yang telah dilatihkan pada masyarakat petani sangat bermanfaat untuk menciptakan usaha bisnis pertanian berbasis kakao sehingga dapat meningkatkan pendapatan petani.
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