Background According to the World Health Organization, viral diseases continue to emerge and represent a serious issue for public health. The elderly and those with underlying chronic diseases are more likely to become severe cases. Our study sets out to present in-depth exploration and analyses of the community’s risk perception and barriers to the practice of COVID-19 prevention measures in South Gondar Zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Methods A qualitative study was done in three districts of South Gondar Zone. Community key informants and health extension workers were selected purposely for in-depth interviews and focus group discussion. The interviews were conducted by maintaining WHO recommendations for social distancing and use of appropriate personal protective equipment. The sample size for the study depended on the theoretical saturation of the data at the time of data collection. The qualitative data generated from in-depth interviews and focus group discussions was transcribed verbatim and translated into English language and thematically analyzed using open code software version 4.02. Results Three main themes and five categories emerged from the narrations of the participants regarding the perceived barriers for the practice of COVID-19 prevention measures. A total of 9 community key informants (5 women development armies (HDA), 2 health extension workers (HEW), and 2 religious leaders participated in the in-depth interview, while two focus group discussions (7 participants in each round) were conducted among purposely selected community members. The age of the participants ranged from 24 to 70 years with the median age of 48 years. The major identified barriers for practicing COVID-19 prevention measures were the presence of strong cultural and religious practices, perceiving that the disease does not affect the young, misinformation about the disease, and lack of trust in the prevention measures. Conclusions Socio-cultural, religious, and economic related barriers were identified from the participant’s narratives for the practice of COVID-19 prevention measures in south Gondar Zone. Our findings suggest the need to strengthen community awareness and education programs about the prevention measures of COVID-19 and increase diagnostic facilities with strong community-based surveillance to control the transmission of the pandemic.

Background Breast cancer is the greatest common cancer in women worldwide, with approximately 1.7 million new cases diagnosed each year in the world which accounts for 12% of all new cancer cases and 25% of all cancers in women. Even though the higher mortality rate of breast cancer in low and middle-income countries, the practice of early detection methods is low and the majority of the patients who appeared at an advanced stage of the disease need palliative care with little survival rates. However, evidence is scarce on the knowledge and practice of breast cancer early detection methods among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia. Therefore we aimed to assess the knowledge on risk factors and practice of early detection methods of breast cancer among female graduating students of Debre Tabor University. Methods Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted. A stratified random sampling technique was used. Data were collected with a self-administer questionnaire. The collected data were processed and analyzed with the computer using SPSS version 25 software. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the socio-demographic information of participants. Binary and multivariable logistic regression with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. Statistical significance was stated at p < 0.05. Result A total of 270 female students participated in the study. The median age (± SD) was 24.63 years (± 1.26). All of the students heard about breast cancer and early detection methods. About 206 (76.67%) of the participants had good knowledge of breast self-examination. Mass media, health professionals, and friends in combination were the main source of information 172 (63.77%), only 110 (40.70%) of students performed a breast-self-examination and the rest did not perform it due to forgetting fullness and lack of knowledge. About 208 (77.1%) of the respondents respond family history is a risk factor for breast cancer. Being a health science student (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI: 2.12, 3.52), family history of breast problems (AOR = 3.41; 95% CI: 3.22, 8.33), and having a good level of knowledge (AOR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.01, 5.68) were the factors associated with the practice of breast self-examination. Conclusion Most of the participants were unaware of the benefits, appropriate timing, and techniques of doing a breast self-examination. Health science students had better awareness & practice of breast self-examination than non-health science students. Trained health professionals must give focus on giving health information regarding risk factors of breast cancer and methods of early detection of breast cancer to the public & their clients.

Background: Erectile dysfunction, which is defined as difficult to attain and maintain an erectile function enough to permit sufficient sexual performance, is accepted to be a big problem especially among diabetic patients. Objective To assess the Magnitude and factors contributing to Erectile Dysfunction Among Diabetic men attending the diabetic clinic in Debre Tabor Comprehensive and Specialized hospital, North West Ethiopia. Methods: Hospital based cross-sectional study was conducted on 362 participants in Debre Tabor Comprehensive and Specialized Hospital from August -December 2020 using systematic random sampling technique. Data were analyzed with SPSS Version 23. Binary and multivariable logistic regressions were done to identify factors which were contributing to erectile dysfunction. P-value < 0.05 and the corresponding 95% CI of odds ratios were considered to declare the result as statistically significant. Results: Three hundred sixty-two diabetes patients participating in the study with the mean age being 44.4 ± 14.47 (range: 18 -78) years were interviewed. The majority (59.7% with CI: 54.4:64.6) of the diabetes patients suffered from erectile dysfunction and 13.3% (95% CI 17.8% -26.8%) were found to have severe erectile dysfunction. Bi-variable analysis showed duration of diabetes (>10 years), type of diabetes (type II), physical exercise, drinking alcohol, BMI, blood glucose, and blood pressure were associated with erectile dysfunction at 5% level (p ≤ 0.05).

Background Breast cancer is the greatest common cancer in women worldwide, with approximately 1.7 million new cases diagnosed each year in the world which accounts for 12% of all new cancer cases and 25% of all cancers in women. Even though the higher mortality rate of breast cancer in low and middle-income countries, the practice of early detection methods is low and the majority of the patients who appeared at an advanced stage of the disease need palliative care with little survival rates. However, evidence is sparse on knowledge of risk and practice of breast cancer screening methods used among women of reproductive age in Ethiopia. Hence we aimed to assess knowledge on risk factors and practice of early detection methods of breast cancer among female graduating students of Debre Tabor University. Methods Institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted from October 1 to December 15 at Debra-Tabor University female graduating class students. A multistage sampling technique was used. Data were collected with a self-administer questionnaire. The collected data were processed and analyzed with the computer using SPSS version 25 software. Descriptive statistics were used to describe the socio-demographic information of participants. Binary and multivariable logistic regression with an adjusted odds ratio (AOR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) was used to identify factors associated with the outcome variable. Statistical significance was stated at p < 0.05. Result; A total of 270 female students have participated in the study. The median age (±SD) was 24.63 years (±1.26). All of the students heard about breast cancer and early detection methods. About 206 (76.67% of the participants had good knowledge of breast self-examination. Mass media, health professionals, and friends in combination were the main source of information 172 (63.77%), only 110 (40.70%) of students performed a breast-self-examination and the rest did not perform it due to forgetting fullness and lack of knowledge. About 208 (77.1%) of the respondents respond family history is a risk factor for breast cancer. Being a health science student (AOR = 2.32; 95% CI: 2.12, 3.52), family history of breast problem (AOR = 3.41; 95% CI: 3.22, 8.33), and having a good level of knowledge (AOR = 1.83; 95% CI: 1.01, 5.68) were the factors associated with the practice of breast self-examination. Conclusion Most of the participants were unaware of the benefits, appropriate timing, and techniques of doing a breast self-examination. Health science students had better awareness & practice of breast self-examination than non-health science students. Trained health professionals must give focus on giving health information regarding risk factors of breast cancer and methods of early detection of breast cancer to the public & their clients.

UNSTRUCTURED Background: Electronic prescription is described by the United States Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services as the broadcast utilizing electronic medium, of prescription or prescription-related information between prescriber, distributor, pharmacy benefit manager, or health plan, either openly or through an agent, including an electronic prescribing system. the aim of this study was designed to assess attitudes towards electronic prescription and associated factors among physicians at the University of Gondar referral hospital 2021. Gondar, Ethiopia. OBJECTIVES General objective To assess physician attitude towards e-prescription at university of Gondar referal hospital. Specific objective To identify physician attitude towards e-prescription at university of Gondar referal hospital 2021 To identify associated factors of physician attitude on e-prescription at university of Gondar referal hospital 2021 METHOD AND MATERIALS Study area and period The study was conducted in Gondar referral hospital physicians, fromAugust15/2021toSeptember 2021. Study design The hospital-based cross-sectional study was used. Sources population All physicians with 6 months of work experience were the source population for this study. Study population All physicians in Gondar referral hospital who fulfill inclusion criteria Sample Size Determination and Sampling Technique The sample size of the study was the total population of physicians who were working in the University of Gondar referral hospital and the sampling technique was total census. Data collection tools and procedures Data collection was supervised for correct application of procedures by supervisors and the investigator. The completeness and consistency of the questionnaire were also be checked at the end of data collection.SPSS version 23 also was used for data analysis. Frequency and Percentage were calculated for all variables which are related to the objective of the study, and Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression were used to identify factors contributing to dependent variables. Odds ratio (OR), with 95% CI and p value< 0.05 were computed to determine the level of significance. Variables of the study Dependent variables  Attitude towards e-prescription (positive or negative) Independent variables Socio-demographic characteristics  Socio-demographic factors: Age, sex, experience, profession, monthly income  Behavioral factors: Attitude, by preparing questions and asking who scores mean and above have a good attitude, who scores less than the mean have a poor attitude.  Technical factors: EPS training, past EPS experience, computer skill (literacy), a computer at home  Organizational factors: Computer access at the office, internet access at the office, presence of IT department in the organization, availability of IT technical person. Operational definitions o Attitude: is a persistent disposition to act either positive or negative towards e-prescription Score will categorize < 50%”negative”, and>= 50% positive attitude(14). o Electronic prescription: defined as a technology applies on drug prescription either online or offline used to computer, tablet, and handphone systems used to prescribing by physicians(15). Data processing and analysis Primarily the data was checked for its completeness, consistency, and validity. After checking the collected data, then the data was entered into EPI-info version 7.2.1 and transferred to SPSS version 20 statistical software for analysis. Data will be cleaned and coded for completeness, consistency, and minimized errors. Both Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to identify factors and variables with a p-value of 0.20 and less that would fit the logistic model for multivariable analysis. Spss version 20 statistical software was used and frequencies and odds ratio was determined. Factors associated with the outcome variable at Bivariable analysis had been identified and the variables with a p-value of 0.20 and less would fit the logistic model for multivariable analysis to determine the relative prediction level of independent variables to the outcome variable. P-value less than 0.05 at 95% confidence interval had been considered as statistically significant. Model goodness-of-fit would be checked by Hosmer Lemeshow test. Multicollinearity was checked by Durbin-Watson, tolerance, and Variance Inflation Factors. Chi-square has also been calculated to test any association between dependent and independent variables. Lastly, the result was presented in the form of texts, figures, and tables by using frequency and summary statics such as mean, standard deviation, and percentage to relevant variables. Data quality control The quality of data was done and the questioner was assessed for its clarity; the completeness and evaluate the validity and content of the questionnaire and modified accordingly. Close supervision was also made during the data collection and appropriate feedback was provided. The training was given to the data collectors for one day by the principal investigator and the training was focused on the objective, how to obtain consent, keeping the confidentiality of the information they gathered. The collected data has been cheeked for its completeness every day before the following day of data collection by supervisors and the principal investigator and corrective measures had been taken according to the finding during supervision. Data presentations After the data was analyzed the findings of the result were presented in descriptive and analytic forms. Descriptive analyzed statistical results were presented by texts, graphs, diagrams, and tables but the analytic form of findings was presented by text form of the odds ratio. Result Socio-demographic characteristics of the respondents Out of 171 study participants, 152(88.8%) were involved in this study and it produces a response rate of 88.8 %. The mean age of the study participants was 34.5(±SD) years which ranges from (23-56). The majority of respondents, 95(62.5%) were male, and more than half of the respondents, 75 (49.3%) were aged between (20-35), and nearly half of the respondents, 65 (42.8%) had degree holders. Regarding the profession, 59(38.8%) were General practitioners (GP), and the mean monthly salary of the respondents was 12,214.43(305.36$) Ethiopian birr. Concerning work experience 71(46.7% were working 1-5years at the university of Gondar referral hospital (Table1). The attitude of Physicians towards e-prescription Based on the operational definition the overall score of attitudes to e-prescription of physicians from the University of Gondar referral hospital was 76.8% [95% CI: 66.7-84.2]. The findings of physicians to e-prescription were consistent with the operational definition. The findings of e-prescription of physicians showed that physicians expressed a high level of satisfaction with improving quality of care and reducing error 150 (98.6%), Improve the quality of work-life 150(98.6%), give benefitsoutweighthecost152(100%). On the other hand, Administrativerigidityisa possiblebarrier38 (25%), Notfeasible82(53.9%), Improve patient's satisfaction20 (13.2 %) were reported as unsatisfied (Table2). Organizational and technical characteristics of respondents The majority of respondents 111(73.02%) were had their personal computer, half of the respondents 67 (44.07%) of them reported that they have a computer at their office, 35 (23.02%) respondents had internet at the office,36(23.6%) respond that have a computer at home, 8(5.2%)were a response that organization has to stand by generator, 117(76.9%)were reported organization has active or functional IT department, and 90(59.2%) were Organization have IT, technical person, on the other hand, 152 (100%) of respondents were not taking training on e-prescription and working with e-prescribing ever before, and the study subjects were used computer for data recording, report generating, reading, and video accessing are 142(93.4%),147(96.7%),69(45.4%), and 118(77.6%)respectively(Table 3). Factors associated with e-prescription Findings based on the analytical part ,which results variables such as sex of the respondents [OR:2.696(1.194-6.091)], age of the respondents [OR:0.421(0.073-2.437], profession of the respondents[OR:3.7(.561-24.42], educational status of the respondents [OR:1.878(.0.8744.033],monthly salary [OR: 7.0(2.66-18.45],working experience of the respondents[OR:1.82(.845-3.918], working practice at this hospital of the respondents[OR:.245(.029-2.060], Decrease burden on physicians [OR:.447(.783-3.513]were having a p-value less than 0.2, but variables such as sex, the profession of the respondents, educational status of the respondents, work experience of the respondents, working practice at this hospital, and decrease burden on physicians were disappeared from the final stage of multivariable analysis. Regarding multivariable logistic analysis two variables like age of the respondents who have age <35year old 2.48 times more likely practicing e-prescription than age >35years old [AOR: 2.48 (95%CI:1.055-5.830 p:value=0.003], and a monthly salary of the respondents who have monthly salary<9056.00 birrs 8.29 times more likely practicing electronic prescription than salary >9056.00 birrs [AOR: 8.29(3.002-22.89 p:value=0.001] had to have a significant association with e-prescription. (Table 4). Conclusion the overall score attitudes of physicians on e-prescription from the organization in the study area was good in the university of Gondar referral hospital. variables for multivariable analysis variables like age and the monthly salary of the respondents had to have a significant association with e-prescription. monthly salary of the respondents was significantly associated with e-prescription of monthly salary less than 9,056.00 of the respondents from the University of Gondar referral hospital compared with those who had monthly salary more than 11,305.00 with attitudes ready to adapt e-prescription of the respondents from the working organization.