Resonance Raman spectra of the single-copper blue proteins azurin (from the bacteria Pseudomonas putida, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Iwasaki sp., Bortadella pertussis, Bortadella bronchiseptica, and Alcaligenes faecalis), plastocyanin (from French bean and spinach), and stellacyanin (from the Japanese and Chinese lacquer trees Rhus vernicifera) and the multicopper oxidases lacease (from the fungus Polyporus versicolor and the Japanese and Chinese lacquer trees), ascorbate oxidase (from zucchini squash), and ceruloplasmin (from human blood serum) are reported. Cryoresonance Raman observations (10-77 K) are reported for selected azurins, stellacyanin, the plastocyanins, and the laceases. Isotope studies employing 63Cu/65Cu and H/D substitution are reported for selected azurins and stellacyanin, allowing identification of modes having significant

The equations of motion are derived for the first mode response of a linear multistorey structure having a linear vibration absorber attached to the roof. Furthermore, the variance of the first mode response to a gaussian white noise lateral base acceleration (as a model of earthquake excitation) is determined. Smallest possible values of the variance of the response along with corresponding absorber parameters are established using an optimization program. It is demonstrated that the absorber is quite effective in reducing first mode response for 5‐ and 10‐storey structures even with relatively small values of the absorber mass. Moreover, minimal responses for the randomly excited single‐degree‐of‐freedom system have been determined, and a design example is presented. The absorber system has potential application not only in earthquake engineering but also in aerospace and terrestrial vehicle design.

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