Female white pine cone beetles,Conophthorus coniperda, attacking second-year cones of eastern white pine,Pinus strobus L., produced a sex-specific pheromone that attracted conspecific males in laboratory bioassays and to field traps. Beetle response was enhanced by host monoterpenes. The female-produced compound was identified in volatiles collected on Porapak Q and in hindgut extracts as (+)-trans-pityol, (2R,5S)-(+)-2-(1-hydroxy-1-methylethyl)-5-methyltetrahydrofuran. Males and females produced and released the (E)-(-)-spiroacetal, (5S,7S)-(-)-7-methyl-1,6-dioxaspiro[4.5]decane, which was not an attractant for either sex, but acted as a repellent for males. Porapak Q-trapped volatiles from both sexes contained (+)-trans-pinocarveol and (-)-myrtenol. In addition, hindgut extracts of females containedtrans-verbenol, while males had pinocarvone and verbenone. Work in Georgia and Canada confirmed that the same isomers of pityol and spiroacetal are present in two distinct and widely separated populations ofC. coniperda.
Field studies were conducted in the United States and Canada to determine the response of the white pine cone beetle, Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz), and the red pine cone beetle, Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins, to two potential inhibitors, conophthorin and verbenone, of pheromone communication. Trap catches of male C. coniperda and C. resinosae were significantly reduced and generally declined with increasing concentrations of conophthorin in traps baited with the pityol, a female-produced pheromone. Verbenone did not significantly reduce trap catches of C. coniperda. Conophthorin, but not verbenone, significantly reduced cone attacks by C. coniperda when placed near cone clusters. The twig beetles, Pityophthorus cariniceps LeConte and Pityophthorus puberulus (LeConte), responded to traps with pityol and α-pinene baits alone or with conophthorin. Thanasimus dubius (F) (Coleoptera: Cleridae) was attracted to the pityol and α-pinene, but conophthorin had no effect on attraction of this generalist bark beetle predator. Verbenone significantly reduced trap catches of T. dubius in pityol-baited traps.
Four major monoterpenes, (i-)-cu-pinene, 1 (S)-(-)-/3-pinene, (R)-(t)-limonene, and myrcene are found in the cones of eastern white pines, Pinusstrobus L. Mixtures ofthese, as well as. u-pinene or P-pinene alone. increased catches of male white pine cone beetles, Conophthorus coniperda (Schwartz). in traps baited xvith the female sex pheromone, (z)-trans-pityol. The monoterpenes by themsekes as mistures or individually (a-pinene, /3-pinene) were not attractants for males or females. Traps baited with I r)-tram-pityol and wpinene caught as many, or significantly more beetles than those baited with pity01 and a four monoterpene mixture (1:l:l:l) used in seed orch'ards in North Carolina, Ohio. and Virginia. Three beetle-produced compounds, conophthorin, tram-pinocarveol. and myrtenol did not enhance catches of males or females in (z)-trans-pityolbaited traps. Racemic E-(k)-conophthorin. E-(-)-conophthorin, and E-(+)conophthorin significantly reduced catches of males in traps baited with (-c)-tran.s-pityol alone. Female C. coniperda were not attracted to any ofthe host-or beetle-produced compounds tested. The study demonstrated that traps \vith baits releasing (z)-t,ans-pityol at about lmgiwk with (z)-a-pinene (98%pure) are potentially valuable tools for C conipwda pest management. Baited traps can be used to monitor C. cmipwdn populations or possibl>. to reduce seed losses in a beetle trap-out control strategy. N3 IVORDS Cor1oyl1fho17r.~ oniprr-da. pheromone. monoterpenes EASTERX WHY PISE. Pinu.sstr-obc~~ L.. is high]! desirable as lumber. To produce genetically improved planting stock. forestr!-organizations ha\-e established seed orchards. The most destructke cone pest in these orchards is the \r,hite pine cone beetle. CU~X~~/~~~~O~~~S coni~~~rcfa (Hedlin et al. 19SO: DeBarr et al. 19% de Groot 19%. 1990: Turgeon and de Groot 19921. \vhich occurs throughout the range of eastern \\.hite pine (Wood 19S2) Current control options for C. cc~r~ilx~do in seed orchards are se\-erel!-limited. The En\-ironmental Protection Agene!. (EP.4) registration for carbofuran, the onI!. insecticide \vith demonstrated efficat!. for C. cortipcrda control (DeBarr et al. 19S2). \vas
The Canadian Entomologist 132: 925 -937 (2000) We tested six behavioral chemicals, pityol, conophthorin, 4-allylanisole, verbenone, 2-hexenol, and a-pinene, in a series of field trials directed at six combinations of Conophthorus Hopkins -Pinus L. spp. (Pinaceae) Ait. trans-Verbenol was tested only on C . resinosae on P. resinosa. Traps baited with pityol caught more beetles than unbaited traps in nearly all of the assays, and conophthorin consistently inhibited male beetle response to pityol for all species tested. Behavioral responses of species of Conophthorus to a-pinene appeared to parallel host phylogeny, inasmuch as beetles using Haploxylon pines as hosts utilized a-pinene as a synergist for the beetle-produced pityol, whereas beetles using Diploxylon pines as hosts did not. a-Pinene was a synergist for pityol in C . ponderosae on P. monticola and C. coniperda on P. strobus, but not for species of Conophthorus on any other pines tested. Conophthorus ponderosae on P. ponderosa was the only beetle-host combination tested where verbenone was a synergist for pityol, but this effect was not consistent in all years of testing. It was also the only beetle-host combination in which 4-allylanisole was a repellent. For all otherAuthor to whom all correspondence should be addressed (E-mail: nrappaport@fs.fed.us). THE CANADIAN ENTOMOLOGISTNovemberPecember 2000 beetle-host combinations, verbenone was neutral to slightly repellent and 4-allylanisole was either synergistic or neutral in pityol-baited traps. Promising synergists and intermptants/repellents were identified for implementation in pestmanagement regimes, including conophthorin as an interruptant for all species of Conophthorus tested, 4-allylanisole as an interruptant for C. ponderosae on P . ponderosa, a-pinene as a synergist for pityol in all species tested on Haploxylon pines, and 4-allylanisole as a synergist for pityol in C. conicolens and C. coniperda. ResumeNous avons test6 six substances chimiques affectant le comportement, le pityol, la conophthorine, le 4-allylanisole, la verbhone, le 2-hexenol, et l'a-pinkne, au cours d'une sCrie de tests en nature sur six combinaisons de Conophthorus Hopkins -Pinus spp. (Pinaceae) en plusieurs endroits rkpartis dans toute 1'AmCrique du Nord. Les combinaisons colCoptkre -arbre-h8te ont Ct C les suivantes: Conophthorus ponderosae Hopkins sur Pinus ponderosa Laws., C. ponderosae sur Pinus monticola Dougl., Conophthorus conicolens Wood sur Pinus pseudostrobus Lindl., Conophthorus teocotum Wood sur Pinus teocote Schl. et Cham., Conophthorus coniperda (Schwarz) sur Pinus strobus L. et Conophthorus resinosae Hopkins sur Pinus resinosa Alt. Le trans-verbCnol a Ct C test6 seulement sur C. resinosae sur P. resinosa. Les pikges garnis de pityol ont capturC plus d'insectes que les pikges non garnis dans presque tous les tests et la conophthorine inhibait systkmatiquement la rCponse des miiles au pityol chez toutes les espkces testkes. La rCponse de toutes les espkces de Conophthorus a l'a-pinkne semble fonction d...
Volatiles collected on Poropak Q from fusiform rust galls (Cronartium quercuum F. sp.fusiforme) of loblolly pine for 3 hr were better ovi-position stimulants forDioryctria amatella (Hulst) females than extracts of 8-hr collections. GLC analysis of these extracts showed no major differences in relative monoterpene composition, although 8-hr collections contained an unidentified compound not detected in the 3-hr collections. Comparison of volatiles from second-year loblolly pine cones with those from fusiform galls showed that both containeddl-α-pinene, (-)-β-pinene, myrcene, and (+)-limonene. Camphene was found in galls only, and relatively large quantities of β-phellandrene were identified only from cones. The five major monoterpenes found in the two host substrates were tested in an oviposition bioassay. Eighteen trials using different combinations of these terpenes showed that the combination of α-pinene, myrcene, and limonene was as attractive toD. amatella females as all other terpene combinations, including turpentine.
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