The Search of Associative Memory (SAM) model for recall (Raaijmakers & Shiffrin, 1981b) is extended by assuming that a familiarity process is used for recognition. The recall model posits cue-dependent probabilistic sampling and recovery from an associative network. Our recognition model is closely related to the recall model because the total episodic activation due to the context and item cues is used in recall as a basis for sampling and in recognition to make a decision. The model, formalized in a computer simulation program, correctly predicts a number of findings in the literature as well as the results from a new experiment on the wordfrequency effect."A critical problem of long standing in psychological study of memory is concerned with the relation between recall and recognition. In what sense are they the same, and in what sense are they different?" (Tulving & Watkins, 1973, p. 739).This article is a preliminary attempt to formulate a theory that describes in detail the relationship between recall and recognition. The relationship is realized in a computer simulation model, and the model's predictions are checked against existing data as well as data generated in our laboratory. The model for recognition is related mathematically and logically to the Search of Associative Memory (SAM) theory of memory retrieval that has

Pigeons matched to samples of red or green disks or vertical or horizontal lines. After 10 pecks (observing responses: ORs) at red or vertical samples on the center key, a peck on the red side key was reinforced. A peck on the green side key was reinforced following 10 ORs to samples of green or horizontal. When performance stabilized, ORs to one of the four samples were extinguished; after a 5-sec sample presentation, the remainder of the trial was cancelled. The OR rates declined markedly during extinction, and after OR extinction, accuracy of matching to the treated sample was reduced to chance. Trials containing the nontreated samples showed little or no loss in either OR rates or matching accuracy, and control experiments showed that the effect was not simply due to forgetting of performance rules. Another experiment showed that cancellation of events after samples of food resulted in neither loss of matching to those samples nor extinction of observing (eating). Taken together, these findings suggest an important role played by ORs in maintenance of matching performance, namely that observing increases effective sample duration. The findings also raise questions about information-processing mechanisms underlying matching to sample.

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