Superconducting radio-frequency cavities are commonly used in modern particle accelerators for applied and fundamental research. Such cavities are typically made of high-purity, bulk Nb and are cooled by a liquid helium bath at a temperature of ∼ 2 K. The size, cost and complexity of operating a particle accelerator with a liquid helium refrigerator makes the current cavity technology not favorable for use in industrial-type accelerators. We developed a multi-metallic 1.495 GHz elliptical cavity conductively cooled by a cryocooler. The cavity has a ∼ 2 µm thick layer of Nb3Sn on the inner surface, exposed to the rf field, deposited on a ∼ 3 mm thick bulk Nb shell and a bulk Cu shell, of thickness 5 mm deposited on the outer surface by electroplating. A bolt-on Cu plate 1.27 cm thick was used to thermally connect the cavity equator to the second stage of a Gifford-McMahon cryocooler with a nominal capacity of 2 W at 4.2 K. The cavity was tested initially in liquid helium at 4.3 K and reached a peak surface magnetic field of ∼ 36 mT with a quality factor of 2 × 10 9 . The cavity cooled by the crycooler achieved a peak surface magnetic field of ∼ 29 mT, equivalent to an accelerating gradient of 6.5 MV/m, and it was able to operate in continuous-wave with as high as 5 W dissipation in the cavity for 1 h without any thermal breakdown. This result represents a paradigm shift in the technology of superconducting accelerator cavities.
BackgroundAfter spinal cord injury (SCI), the excitability of the primary motor cortex (M1) lower extremity area decreases or disappears. A recent study reported that the M1 hand area of the SCI patient encodes the activity information of both the upper and lower extremities. However, the characteristics of the M1 hand area corticospinal excitability (CSE) changes after SCI and its correlation with extremities motor function are still unknown.MethodsA retrospective study was conducted on the data of 347 SCI patients and 80 healthy controls on motor evoked potentials (MEP, reflection of CSE), extremity motor function, and activities of daily living (ADL) ability. Correlation analysis and multiple linear regression analysis were conducted to analyze the relationship between the degree of MEP hemispheric conversion and extremity motor function/ADL ability.ResultsThe CSE of the dominant hemisphere M1 hand area decreased in SCI patients. In 0–6 m, AIS A grade, or non-cervical injury SCI patients, the degree of M1 hand area MEP hemispheric conversion was positively correlated with total motor score, lower extremity motor score (LEMS), and ADL ability. Multiple linear regression analysis further confirmed the contribution of MEP hemispheric conversion degree in ADL changes as an independent factor.ConclusionThe closer the degree of M1 hand area MEP hemispheric conversion is to that of healthy controls, the better the extremity motor function/ADL ability patients achieve. Based on the law of this phenomenon, targeted intervention to regulate the excitability of bilateral M1 hand areas might be a novel strategy for SCI overall functional recovery.
The CEBAF cryomodule rework program was updated over the last few years to increase the energy gain of refurbished cryomodules to 75 MeV. The concept recycles the waveguide end-groups from original CEBAF cavities fabricated in the 1990s and replaces the five elliptical cells in each with a new optimized cell shape fabricated from large-grain, ingot Nb material. Eight cavities were fabricated at Research Instruments, Germany, and two cavities were built at Jefferson Lab. Each cavity was processed by electropolishing and tested at 2.07 K. The best eight cavities were assembled into "cavity pairs" and re-tested at 2.07 K, before assembly into the cryomodule. All but one cavity in the cryomodule were within 10% of the target accelerating gradient of 19 MV/m with a quality factor of 8×10 9 . The performance limitations were field emission and multipacting.
For an ongoing high current cryomodule project, a total of 5 higher order mode (HOM) absorbers are required per cavity. The load is designed to absorb Radio Frequency (RF) heat induced by HOMs in a 748.5MHz cavity. Each load is targeted at a 4 kW dissipation capability. Water cooling is employed to remove the heat generated in ceramic tiles and by surface losses on the waveguide walls. A sequentially coupled RF-thermal-structural analysis was developed in ANSYS to optimize the HOM load design. Frequency-dependent dielectric material properties measured from samples and RF power spectrum calculated by the beam-cavity interaction codes were considered. The coupled field analysis capability of ANSYS avoided mapping of results between separate RF and thermal/structural simulation codes. For verification purposes, RF results obtained from ANSYS were compared to those from MAFIA, HFSS, and Microwave Studio. Good agreement was reached and this confirms that multiple-field coupled analysis is a desirable choice in analysis of HOM loads. Similar analysis could be performed on other particle accelerator components where distributed RF heating and surface current induced losses are inevitable. HOM ABSORBER DESIGNThe 748.5 MHz high order mode (HOM) absorber is based on the PEP-II HOM load design [1]. The basic design specifications are as follows:Fundamental mode frequency: 748.5 MHz Number of HOM loads per cavity: 5 RF power deposition per load: 4000 Watts
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