Meat scientists have long studied palatability traits of beef muscles, but few characterized numerous muscles over significant numbers of animals. The objective of this project was to rank the major beef muscles for Warner-Bratzler shear force (WBS) and sensory traits based on a comprehensive study of the literature, thereby compiling a large number of observations for each muscle. Muscles with three or more literature sources were ranked for WBS (n = 40), sensory tenderness (n = 14), juiciness (n = 13) and beef flavor (n = 9). Psoas major and infraspinatus were the top ranked for mechanical and sensory tenderness. Semitendinosus, gluteus medius, supraspinatus and pectoralis profundus were major muscles that were among the least tender. The Pearson correlation coefficient of WBS and sensory tenderness means was -0.84 (P = 0.001). These rankings may be useful as a reference for relative palatability of muscles.
PRACTICAL APPLICATIONSKnowledge of the relative palatability and rank of individual muscle can serve as a resource at the retail and foodservice establishment to better meet consumers' needs, and through use in educational materials. The popularity and demand of the flat iron (infraspinatus) and petite tender (teres major) steaks are examples of better utilizing and merchandizing the carcass. Furthermore, it can aid processors and product development specialists in identifying additional muscles suitable for valueadded processing and possibilities for acceptable muscle substitutions. Utilization by academics will be through reference for research needs and classroom instruction. The results of this ranking can be utilized by all sectors of the meat industry to ultimately provide an improved product for the consumer.
The effect of irrigation and/or Ca (calcium) application on yield, grade and seed quality was studied using Florigiant peanuts planted on three dates. Calcium application resulted in a small, but consistent, yield increase at all planting dates. Irrigation resulted in a large yield response on early planted peanuts and no response on late planted ones. Grade, specifically sound mature kernel percentage, was improved by both Ca and irrigation treatments but the effects were only slightly additive. Similar interaction effects were noted as these treatments increased the germination percentage of the seed produced and decreased the percentage of kernels with the form of damage termed dark plumule. Both treatments also decreased the amount of watery hypocotyl damage and increased the Ca concentration in the seed. Germination was 89 to 94% when the seed Ca level was greater than 420 ppm, but fell linearly to 52% when the seed Ca decreased from 420 to 200 ppm. Additional Index Words: Planting date, Harvest date, Germination, Dark plumule, Watery hypocotyl, Seed, Soil, Arachis hypogaea L.Large seeded Virginia-type peanuts (Arachis hypogaea L.) often need additional Ca supplied to the pegging zone to insure maximum pod fill and
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