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One of the major design goals of the Medium Resolution Imaging Spectrometer (MERIS) was the capability to use the signal from chlorophyll uorescence stimulated by ambient sunlight to detect and map phytoplankton. This is considered to be especially useful in coastal waters, where the determination of chlorophyll from water-leaving radiance spectra using the conventional blue/green ratio method is often complicated by high concentrations of gelbsto and suspended matter. Based on a variety of studies, three spectral channels centred at 665, 681.25 and 705 nm were included in the design of MERIS for retrieving the¯uorescence signal. This paper presents observations with highresolution spectrometers which demonstrate the main factors a ecting the observed signal in the red part of the spectrum. These factors are absorption by pure water, scattering by suspended particles, absorption and¯uorescence of chlorophyll and the in¯uence of submerged macrophyta. The in¯uence of exceptional blooms such as`red tides' on radiance spectra is also discussed. The paper shows how the combination of these e ects can be understood using simple and easy-to-use radiative transfer models, and can be exploited by MERIS for improved mapping of phytoplankton, red tides and coastal, submerged and tidal at vegetation.

2004), Assessment of estuarine water-quality indicators using MODIS medium-resolution bands: Initial results from Tampa Bay, Florida, Remote Sens. Environ., 93, 423-441. Kahru, M., B. G. Mitchell, A. Diaz, and M. Miura (2004), MODIS detects a devastating algal bloom in Paracas Bay, Peru, Eos Trans. AGU, 85(45), 465. Miller, R. L., and B. A. McKee (2004), Using MODIS Terra 250 m imagery to map concentrations of

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