Populations of arboreal marsupials, small ground-dwelling mammals, reptiles and amphibians were assessed in forest before and after logging. Different levels of canopy retention were specified to estimate the effect of varying intensities of logging on these fauna. The logging treatments imposed were; unlogged, and the retention of approximately 72%, 58% and 30% of the original canopy cover. This corresponded to 62%, 52% and 21 % retention of the original tree basal area on each logged area. The objectives of the study were to determine the sensitivity of species to logging, both in terms of the intensity of the initial impact and in terms of the time to recovery following disturbance, and to develop methods for managing areas within wood production forests where special wildlife values have been identified. A total of 53 species was recorded in the 500 ha study area, only 18 (34.0%) of which were abundant enough for assessments to be made about the effects of logging. The arboreal marsupials, in particular the Greater Glider Petauroides volans, were among the species more sensitive to logging disturbance. The small, ground-dwelling mammals and the reptiles that were sampled adequately in this study appeared to be relatively unaffected by logging or they recovered quickly (most within eight years, and probably all within 10?15 years) following logging. Despite a large survey effort, insufficient data were available to assess the effects of logging on most species of frogs, although two species may have been advantaged. The species requiring management consideration include those that declined as a result of logging, but which had not recovered within eight years (the Greater Glider, the Yellow-bellied Glider Petaurus australis, the Sugar Glider P. breviceps, and the skink Niveoscincus coventryi), the species that declined in both logged and unlogged areas (the frogs Pseudophryne bibronii, Limnodynastes peronii, Geocrinia victoriana and Heleioporus australiacus), and the species for which the data were too sparse to make any assessments. It is unclear when the species most disadvantaged by integrated logging, that is, the large gliding possums, will recolonize the logged areas. The persistence of these gliders was attributed to the retention of unlogged forest within and adjacent to logged areas. This highlights the role of riparian reserves ("wildlife corridors") and filter strips in retaining residual populations of the Greater Glider and the Yellow-bellied Glider until the logged areas are suitable for recolonization, and the importance of determining the effective size for these unlogged reserves. The data were not sufficient to determine conclusively whether reduced logging intensity at the levels applied was a better option than standard logging practices for managing populations of gliding possums in these forests. The results of this study, which was conducted in a forested landscape that was multi-aged but predominantly unlogged, may not be comparable to intensively-managed forests in which there is a lower proportion of unlogged forest and where multiple logging events have occurred.
Reptiles and amphibians in and around Bondi State Forest were surveyed between 1980 and 1984. Nineteen species of reptiles and 15 species of frogs were recorded from Bondi State Forest. Five additional reptiles and two additional frogs were recorded from surrounding areas. Bondi State Forest has elements of both warm and cool temperate fauna. The conservation of reptile and frog communities in this area does not depend upon reservation of large areas of forest habitat. Rather, small reserves may be adequate to conserve populations of most species. Existing riparian strips and retained coupes are probably adequate to conserve viable populations of most species of reptiles and frogs in the area.
The residual efficacy of pyriproxyfen against Aedes aegypti (L.) was examined by treating 2-liter buckets with a range of rates of Sumilarv 0.5G (100, 10, 1, and 0.1 mg product/liter or nominal dose of 500, 50, 5, and 0.5 ppb active ingredient) under semifield conditions. Approximately every 2 wk, pupal emergence inhibition (EI) was measured by using Cairns colony Ae. aegypti. Pooled water samples from the five replicate buckets were analyzed for active pyriproxyfen by using ultra-high-pressure liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry detection. A strong dose-response in EI was exhibited, with the 0.1 mg/liter giving approximately 50% EI for only the initial week, whereas the 10 and 100 mg/liter doses produced EI > 90% for 8 and 40 wk, respectively. Measurable levels of active ingredient were detected in the 100, 10, and 1 mg/liter treatments, with measured starting concentrations of just 1-2-1.4% of the delivered (active ingredient) dose. Pyriproxyfen was detected in the 100 mg/liter treatment through the entire course of the trial (60 wk).
The efficacy of Distance Plus Ant Bait, containing the insect growth regulator pyriproxyfen, was tested in the field against two invasive ant species in northern Australia: African big-headed ant (Pheidole megacephala (F.)) and yellow crazy ant (Anoplolepis gracilipes (Fr. Smith)). Results were also gained for a third pest species, Singapore ant (Monomorium destructor (Jerdon)), from one trial focused primarily on P. megacephala. Five studies were conducted throughout northern Australia, each with different protocols, but common to all was the broad-scale dispersal of Distance Plus, coupled with long-term monitoring of ant population levels. Additionally, a laboratory trial was conducted to assess if there was a direct toxic effect by the bait on A. gracilipes workers, and ant community data were collected at some sites in the A. gracilipes trial to assess nontarget impacts and subsequent ecological recovery. All three species were greatly affected by the treatments. The abundance of P. megacephala declined dramatically in all trials, and by the final assessment for each study, very few ants remained, with those remaining being attributable to edge effects from neighboring untreated properties. At both sites that it occurred, M. destructor was initially at least codominant with P. megacephala, but by the final assessment, only three M. destructor individuals were present at one lure at one site, and only a single individual at the other site. Abundance of A. gracilipes fell, on average, to 31% of control levels by 91 d and then slowly recovered, with subsequent treatments only providing slightly greater control. No direct toxic effect on workers was found in the laboratory trial, indicating that population declines of A. gracilipes were typical bait-related declines resulting from reduced worker replacement. Nontarget impacts of the bait could not be distinguished from the negative competitive impacts ofA. gracilipes, but there was a noticeable absence of some key common ant species posttreatment, which was more likely the result of baiting rather than competitive exclusion. The species composition of treated and untreated sites was statistically indistinguishable in multivariate analysis within 2 yr posttreatment, indicating ecological recovery. Our findings indicate that Distance Plus has great potential for invasive ant management.
The efficacy of pyriproxyfen against the Australian salt-marsh mosquito, Aedes vigilax, was examined in 2 laboratory and 1 semi-field study using both technical grade and formulated products. In a dose-response study, the median emergence inhibition (EI50) and EI95 values were determined to be 0.019 and 0.076 ppb, respectively, for pyriproxyfen technical grade, 0.021 and 0.092 ppb for a microencapsulated formulation (Sumilarv 90CS), and 0.054 and 0.236 ppb for the formulated s-methoprene product, Altosid Liquid Larvicide. A further laboratory comparison of the microencapsulated formulation of pyriproxyfen and Altosid, at the nominal field rate for Altosid, showed that both products provided 100% emergence inhibition and this was confirmed in a semi-field study, which also included a granular formulation of pyriproxyfen (Sumilarv 0.5G).
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