cidence often increases under irrigation, and benefits of increased yield can be minimized due to increased Experiments were conducted during 2001 and 2002 at one location incidence of noncontrolled disease (Rotem and Palti, in North Carolina to compare development of early leaf spot (Cercospora arachidicola Hori), pod yield, and market grade characteristics 1969;Wright et al., 1986). Increased moisture on the when peanut (Arachis hypogea L.) was grown under overhead sprin-soil surface and humidity in the peanut canopy following kler irrigation (OSI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) and fungioverhead irrigation can increase incidence of Sclerotinia cides were not applied or applied biweekly or based on weather blight (Sclerotinia minor), pod rot (Pythium myriotylum), advisories. Incidence of early leaf spot was lower when peanut was and leaf spots (Cercospora arachidicola and Cercosporigrown under SDI compared with OSI when fungicides were not apdium personatum) (Wright et al., 1986). plied. Fewer fungicide applications were needed when applicationsSubsurface drip irrigation has been evaluated in a were based on weather advisories rather than when applied biweekly. variety of agronomic and vegetable crops (O'Brien etThere was no difference in early leaf spot control or leaf defoliation al., 1998). Subsurface drip irrigation can conserve water resulting from disease when fungicides were applied regardless of while maintaining or increasing peanut yield (Puppala irrigation system or fungicide application approach. Pod yield was higher in 2001 under SDI compared with OSI when fungicides were et al., 2000). It is suspected that disease incidence in peanut not applied; yield was similar in 2002. Disease severity was much would be lower under SDI compared with OSI because higher in 2001 than in 2002 and most likely explains differences in a decrease in the amount and duration of moisture in pod yield between years. No difference in yield was noted when the canopy under SDI would lessen the likelihood of fungicides were applied, regardless of irrigation system. The percentdisease development. Cost of installation of SDI and age of extra large kernels (%ELK) was lower in 1 of 2 yr under SDIOSI depends upon field size, topography, and cropping compared with OSI. There were no differences in percentages of systems (Bosch et al., 1992;O'Brien et al., 1998). Initial fancy pods (%FP), sound splits (%SS), and other kernels (%OK) and long-term investment in either system is similar among irrigation systems and fungicide programs. In a separate experi- (O'Brien et al., 1998). Less disease and more efficient ment where fungicides were applied biweekly, pod yield, %FP, and water use make SDI an attractive alternative to OSI. %ELK were similar under SDI and OSI but greater than nonirrigated peanut. The %OK was lower when peanut was irrigated.
MESSER, TIFFANY LAROSE. Groundwater Nitrate Reductions within Upstream and Downstream Sections of a Riparian Buffer. (Under the direction of Dr. Michael R. Burchell, II). Riparian buffer systems have gained much interest over the past 25 years for their BIOGRAPHY Tiffany Messer was born on September 27, 1986 in Lexington, KY to Drew and Lorra Graham. She is the oldest of three younger siblings Tabitha, Bethany, and Drew. Growing up on a farm outside of Winchester, KY where they raised beef cattle, tobacco, and corn, she soon became aware of the importance of agricultural and water quality. During her high school years she became very active in Calvary Christian Church and learned of her desire to improve water quality conditions in financially limited locations. She graduated from George Rogers Clark High School in 2004. After graduation she enrolled at the University of Kentucky in Lexington, KY. She received her B.S. in Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering with a specialty in bioenvironmental in 2008. Throughout her undergraduate degree she became involved with several recruitment and leadership roles by serving as an Ambassador for the College of Engineering, and on the College of Agriculture Student Council, the Biosystems and Agricultural Engineering Student Branch, and the ¼ Scale Tractor Team. Three remarkable advisors encouraged and assisted her along the way through her undergraduate program: Dr. Jane Riggs, Dr. Steven Workman, and Dr. Scott Shearer. The opportunities that these three individuals opened for her to participate in, including recruitment, research, and teaching assignments, confirmed her ultimate desire of pursuing a Ph.D. in Biological and Agricultural Engineering and becoming a university professor. Following her undergraduate graduation she married her high school sweetheart and the love of her life, Patrick Messer. Afterwards they moved immediately to Durham, NC where she iv began her M.S. research under the direction of Dr. Michael Burchell in the Biological and Agricultural Engineering Department at North Carolina State University. Her research focus was nitrate reduction in riparian buffers. Despite the long and sometimes heart wrenching process of improving her writing and research techniques, Tiffany ultimately decided to apply to the Ph.D. program at N. C. State University to take the next step toward her ultimate goal of becoming a professor. Therefore, following the completion of her Master's degree Tiffany plans to continue focusing on water quality treatment systems throughout her Ph.D. and lifelong career. v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The completion of this project and degree could never have been completed without the help and support of many incredible individuals. I would first like to thank NC CREP for funding and supporting this project and making this research possible. I would also like to thank my wonderful committee Dr. Michael Burchell, Dr. Garry Grabow, and Dr. Deanna Osmond for their constant guidance. A special thanks needs to be given to my adviser Dr. Michael Burchell...
Core Ideas Turf colorants can be used as an alternative to winter overseeding, therefore saving turf managers resources.Multidimensional scaling analysis can be used to separate turf colorants into groups, allowing turf managers to better select products based on color parameters.Turf colorant transfer varies greatly among products and can result in severe staining. Turfgrass colorants are primarily used as an alternative to winter overseeding. Information on colorants is limited in the scientific literature. The primary objective of this field study was to evaluate the effect turfgrass colorants had on color parameters (colorant intensity, color, and hue angle) of dormant bermudagrass (Cynodon sp.). Secondary objectives were to examine colorant transfer (wipe off) from the turfgrass surface to an absorbent material and to measure product viscosities. Twenty‐five colorants were applied at two spray volumes (75 and 112 mL m–2) on dormant bermudagrass at two heights of cut (0.3 and 1.5 cm). Multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis were used to separate colorants based on measured color parameters. Group 1 colorants maintained colorant intensity the longest, but colorant color was reduced at application due to the appearance of bright blue (e.g., Munsell 5BG/6/6) and bright green (e.g., Munsell 7.5GY/7/10) colors. Group 2 colorants provided the darkest green (e.g., Munsell 5GY/4/4) color, while Group 3 colorants provided minimal color change of dormant turfgrass. Among the Group 2 colorants, Green Lawnger, Lesco Green, Ultradwarf Super, Southwest Green, and Endurant provided a natural green color. Measurements of colorant transfer showed that Blue, Regreen, SprayMax, Green Dye Turf, Titan Green Turf, Solarogen, and Endurant have the highest propensity to disassociate from treated turfgrass. The use of multidimensional scaling and cluster analysis provided new information regarding a number of turf colorants. Grouping products by measured parameters indicated that products within Group 2 provided superior performance.
Limited resources for groundwater quality monitoring projects demand definition of groundwater contaminant plumes with a minimum number of sampling wells. The relationship between loss of information (or plume definition error) and degree of reduction in the number of sampling wells has been investigated by the authors. A proprietary sampling design product (E4) was used to select variably sized subsets of sampling wells from two existing natural gradient tracer tests. The tracer plume defined by data from each subset of wells was compared to the plume defined by data from the full set of wells. Differences between each subset plume and its corresponding full set plume were quantified and used to generate an error versus sampling density and time since tracer introduction function. Combined analysis of three sampling events from one tracer test and two from another revealed that the number of wells used for four of the events could have been reduced with minimal loss in contaminant plume definition. This suggests that E4 may be applied in the design of groundwater monitoring well networks.
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