BACKGROUND: This study was undertaken to evaluate the enzyme activity profiles in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) in accelerated tooth movement when compared with normal orthodontic tooth movement (OTM) in extraction cases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Twenty patients who required premolar extractions were treated with MBT mechanotherapy. They were divided into two equal groups: conventional (Group I) and corticotomy (Group II) which was performed on both the jaw sides before initiating retraction. GCF was collected from mesial and distal aspects of canine before initiation of retraction and at 7 th , 14 th , 21 st , and 28 th days, and then at fifth and sixth weeks and third and sixth months after retraction. A total of 5 mL of unstimulated saliva was collected from the subjects after 90 min of nonoral activity (subjects were refrained from eating and drinking). RESULTS: The results showed that in Group I, the peak of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) enzyme activity occurred on the 14 th day of force application. In Group II, the enzyme activity progressively increased from day 0 to 6 weeks, peaking at the sixth week, and then a decline in enzyme activity was observed on third and sixth months. When ALP and AST activities in GCF and saliva were compared between Groups I and II, no statistically significant difference was observed on days 0, 7, and 14. CONCLUSION: Corticotomy-accelerated tooth movement is a promising technique that has many applications in orthodontic treatment of adults as it helps overcome many of the current limitations of this treatment. The enzymatic activity signifies osteoclastic and osteoblastic activities, so ALP and AST from the saliva and GCF may potentially be used as biomarkers for monitoring corticotomy-assisted OTM.
Background: Calcium is the most abundant mineral in the body. Ca is the widely studied inorganic constituent as a possible biomarker for periodontal disease. Hence, the aim of the present study was to evaluate the salivary levels of calcium in chronic periodontitis patients and healthy patients. Methods: A total of 40 patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 consisted of 20 individuals with healthy gingiva of probing depth ≤3mm, GI<1, PI<1 and CAL=0 and Group 2 consisted of 20 individuals with diagnosis of CP having PPD ≥ 5 mm, GI >1, PI> 1 and CAL≥ 3mm. Whole saliva samples were collected and subjected to estimation of salivary calcium levels. The results were analyzed by SPSS and Mann-Whitney analysis. Results: The level of salivary calcium increased as the disease progressed from health to periodontitis. The highest calcium levels from the Saliva were detected in group 2 while the lowest were detected in group 1. The results showed that the subjects in the periodontitis group had the higher levels of salivary calcium than the healthy group. Conclusion:The level of calcium was higher in the saliva of chronic periodontitis patients. Salivary calcium level can be used as biomarker for detection of periodontal disease.
Gender equality has been a can of worms. From the waves of feminism till LGBTQ, some people, due to their otherness, have endured bigotry and social stigma. We've been fed with heteronormativity for a long time and there exists a void when it comes to homosexual tolerance. Although a lot has been written about them, transgender people still have not been legally recognized worldwide. Their demand for identity and getting rid of the derogatory terms they were labelled with like hijras, chakka, kinnars, jogappa, aravani, aruvani, etc. is visible everywhere. Recently, LGBTQ is considered taboo in society because of some stereotypical mindsets. This chapter focuses on the lives of transgender people in and around Pakistan majorly by dwelling deep into the kind of behavioural patterns society shows toward them by taking the text of Alternative Realities (Nighat M. Gandhi, 2013) as a representation of the LGBTQ community's voice.
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