Wearable tensile strain sensors have attracted substantial research interest due to their great potential in applications for the real-time detection of human motion and health through the construction of body-sensing networks. Conventional devices, however, are constantly demonstrated in non-real world scenarios, where changes in body temperature and humidity are ignored, which results in questionable sensing accuracy and reliability in practical applications. In this work, a fabric-like strain sensor is developed by fabricating graphene-modified Calotropis gigantea yarn and elastic yarn (i.e. Spandex) into an independently crossed structure, enabling the sensor with tunable sensitivity by directly altering the sensor width. The sensor possesses excellent breathability, allowing water vapor generated by body skin to be discharged into the environment (the water evaporation rate is approximately 2.03 kg m−2 h−1) and creating a pleasing microenvironment between the sensor and the skin by avoiding the hindering of perspiration release. More importantly, the sensor is shown to have a sensing stability towards changes in temperature and humidity, implementing sensing reliability against complex and changeable wearable microclimate. By wearing the sensor at various locations of the human body, a full-range body area sensing network for monitoring various body movements and vital signs, such as speaking, coughing, breathing and walking, is successfully demonstrated. It provides a new route for achieving wearing-comfortable, high-performance and sensing-reliable strain sensors. Graphical Abstract
Background: We recently reported that Calotropis gigantea could be used as a potential functional feed additive to specifically inhibit the detrimental rumen protozoa without impairing the fermentation traits. Meanwhile, to ensure the applicability at the farm level, bio-transforming Calotropis gigantea (giant milkweed, GM) into silage is of an utmost requisite which constitutes a long-term biological preservation. This study aimed at investigating the metabolite and microbiota profiles that can lead to the bio-transformation of Calotropis gigantea into silage, after supplementing fermentative bacteria and sucrose.Results: After ensiling, several metabolites like 3,4'-dihydroxybenzoic acid ethyl ester, 2-hydroxyethylphosphonic acid, 3,4'-dihydroxy-3',5'-dimethoxypropiophenone, vnilloylmalic acid, sedoheptulose, 2-hydroxy-3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, L-arginine, putrescine, methyl linolenate and calactin were up-regulated while other like 2’-o-methyladenosine, xanthosine, 2-hydroxy-2-methyl propyl glucosinolate and isopentenyl adenine-7-N-glucoside were down-regulated making GM ensiling a biological process to manipulate the metabolite composition and structure for therapeutic needs. This was possible after the colonization by bacteria species like Bacteriodes salanitronis, B. plebeius, B. barnesiae, B. vulgatus, B. caecicola, Prevotella copri, Megamonas hypermegale, Olsenella sp. which increased in ensiling samples with Lactobacillus buchneri specifically found only in ensiled and inoculated samples. The "biosynthesis of secondary metabolites" was the KEGG pathway induced by the highest number of studied GM metabolites. PICRUSt2 identified the "brite hierarchies" as the more expressed microbial functional group and "human diseases and organismal systems" the least expressed one. Conclusion: These findings provide a fundamental description of the microbiota colonizing the plant GM for a successful ensiling process that induced a remarkable metabolomic changes. The cause and effect relationship predicted several metabolic pathways and the contribution of the microbiota profile to the biosynthesis of functional metabolites. Understanding the specific mechanisms modulated by the colonizing bacteria and fungi underpinning the bio-transformation into silage deserves further studies.
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