To study the changes in serum interleukin-11 (IL-11), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expressions following hypertensive intracerebral hemorrhage (HICH), and explore their associations with disease severity and prognosis. Serum IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF levels after 1, 3, 7, and 14 days after HICH were assayed using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and neurological deficit score (NDS) were recorded at admission and discharge for 99 HICH cases. Then 45 healthy controls were included and assayed for serum IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF levels. Serum IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF levels were higher in HICH patients than healthy controls (all P < 0.05). TNF-α was higher at the 3rd day following disease onset than other time points (all P < 0.05), while IL-11 and VEGF peaked at the 7th day and dropped below baseline values at the 14th day (all P < 0.05). Serum IL-11 was positively correlated with TNF-α (r = 0.70, P < 0.05) and VEGF (r = 0.72, P < 0.05). Serum TNF-α was positively correlated with VEGF (r = 0.46, P < 0.05). Serum IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF were associated with disease severity in HICH patients. Patients with more severe disease tended to have higher NDS at admission, and higher IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF during treatment were associated with higher NDS at discharge. Serum IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF may involve in the pathophysiology of HICH, thus IL-11, TNF-α, and VEGF may be prognostic factors for post HICH neurologic damage.

Hemorrhagic stroke is a devastating clinical event with no effective medical treatment. Neuroinflammation, which follows a hemorrhagic stroke, is an important element that involves both acute brain injury and subsequent brain rehabilitation. Therefore, delineating the key inflammatory mediators and deciphering their pathophysiological roles in hemorrhagic strokes is of great importance in the development of novel therapeutic targets for this disease. The NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain-containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is a multi-protein complex that is localized within the cytoplasm. This NOD-like receptor orchestrates innate immune responses to pathogenic organisms and cell stress through the activation of caspase-1 and the maturation of the proinflammatory cytokines such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and IL-18. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that when the NLRP3 inflammasome is activated, it exerts harmful effects on brain tissue after a hemorrhagic stroke. This review article summarizes the current knowledge regarding the role and the underlying mechanisms of the NLRP3 inflammasome in the pathophysiological processes of hemorrhagic strokes. A better understanding of the function and regulation of the NLRP3 inflammasome in hemorrhagic strokes will provide clues for devising novel therapeutic strategies to fight this disease.

Objective:To evaluate the clinical effect of minimally invasive intracranial hematoma in treating hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage.Methods:One hundred and fifty-six patients with hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage were selected. They were randomly divided into the control group (78 cases) and observation group (78 cases). The control group was treated with conventional craniotomy evacuation of hematoma, while the observation group was treated with minimally invasive intracranial hematoma. Neurological impairment score, treatment efficacy and Barthel index were compared between two groups. Comparison results and clinical data of these patients were retrospectively analyzed.Results:Neurological impairment score in observation group had a significantly obvious decrease compared to control group (p < 0.05). Curative effect of observation group was superior to control group and the difference was significant (p < 0.05). Average operation time in observation group (51.20±10.30 minutes) was much shorter than control group (108.60±12.80 minutes). Amount of hematoma cleared for the first time in control group (75.40±10.20 (%)) was more than observation group (45.10±8.70 (%)). Hematoma in observation group (3.90±0.80 days) disappeared faster than control group (5.80±0.90 days). Differences of the above indexes between two groups were all significant (p < 0.05). Moreover, Barthel index of observation group was much better than control group (p < 0.05).Conclusion:Treating hypertensive cerebral hemorrhage with minimally invasive intracranial hematoma is remarkably effective. It should be promoted and practiced extensively.

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Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs) are a type of non-hematopoietic progenitor cells which have self-replication capacity and multilineage differentiation. They have widely applied in studies of various diseases due to their effects in damaged tissue repair, neuroprotection and immunoregulation. MSCs can secret exosomes through multiple ways in the physiological or pathological state. Many researches' results on MSC-Exo show that it possesses many functions similar to MSCs, such as immunoregulation and regeneration promotion of damaged tissues. Hence, MSC-Exo is believed to have considerable research potentials in regenerative medicines. This study reviewed the research progresses on biological characteristics and functions of MSC-Exo.