On-demand broadcast is an effective wireless data dissemination technique to enhance system scalability and capability to handle dynamic user access patterns. Previous studies on time-critical on-demand data broadcast were under the assumption that each client requests only one data item at a time. Little work, however, has considered the ondemand broadcast with time-critical multi-item requests. In this paper, we study the problem arising in this new environment and observe that existing single item based scheduling algorithms are unable to manage multi-item requests efficiently. Thus, a new scheduling algorithm that combines the benefit of data item scheduling and request scheduling is proposed. The performance results show that the proposed algorithm is superior to other classical algorithms under a variety of factors. Our algorithm not only reduces deadline-missing ratio of requests, but also saves broadcast channel bandwidth.
In recent decades, land use patterns have changed significantly in highly urbanized areas, which is usually linked with the spatial variation of surface water quality at the catchment scale, but little attention has been paid to how hydrological seasons affect this relationship. Taking Pudong New Area of Shanghai, China, as an example, this paper evaluated the influence of hydrological seasons on the relationship between land use and water quality under different hydrological buffers. It was shown that the contribution of land use to the spatial variation of water quality is approximately 30%. In addition, the explanatory ability was greatest in the average season while it was smaller in the dry and wet seasons. Land uses showed scale effects; at a smaller scale, urban areas, agricultural land and water areas were the most important land uses affected by water quality. As the buffers changed from 500 to 1500 m, the impact of urban areas decreased significantly, while that of agricultural land and water areas increased rapidly; however, when the buffer was greater than 1000 m, the explanatory ability of water areas did not increase further but remained stable. Green space is only significant at the 200 m and 500 m scales, which showed the effect of improving river quality. This study is expected to provide references for future decision making of urban construction, environmental planning and management.
Rapid urbanization often leads to increase in surface runoff; its modelling is always the focus in the field of land use effect. One of the methodological issues is how to classify the landscape (land use/land cover) in the model. In this study, the long-term hydrological impact assessment (L-THIA) model was used to simulate the change of annual surface runoff during the rapid urbanization in Shanghai since 1965. Two landscape scenarios, based upon land uses and pervious/impervious surfaces, were compared, and the CN values were adjusted to validate the applicability of the two landscape scenarios. The results showed that there was almost no difference between the results based on the two landscape scenarios, and it was suggested that the simplified landscape scenario based upon pervious/impervious surfaces can be workable and efficient, while the land use scenario may not be necessary for the modelling considering its scale of interpretation of remote sensing data. It was found that there was a clear linear relationship between the percentage of impervious surfaces and surface runoff. For every 1% increase in impervious surface, runoff increased by 0.94%. In addition, the effect of precipitation on the modelling was also discussed, which indicated that with the increase in impervious surface percentage, the response of runoff change in both dry year and dry season was more sensitive.
Abstract. HiLo training sport mode, the rats in a quiet state, immediately after exercise, after exercise to study changes in skeletal muscle cytochrome oxidase three states under three hours , and then observed in rats HiLo training changes in mode of aerobic exercise capacity . The results show that: in a quiet state, high-living group relative to the quiet group there was a significant difference, three hours immediately after exercise and after exercise did not change significantly.
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