In this study, species of the superfamily Byrrhoidea Latreille, 1804 (Coleoptera: Dryopidae, Elmidae and Heteroceridae) collected from Adıyaman province, Turkey, have been evaluated. The samples were collected from the vegetation in shallow areas of various lakes, rivers, watercourses and ponds. In the research area, four species belonging to Dryopidae, one subspecies belonging to Elmidae and two species belonging to the family Heteroceridae have been determined. Of these species; Dryops jeanneli Bollow, 1938 is recorded for the first time from Turkey; Heterocerus fusculus Kiesenwetter, 1843 is recorded for the second time from Turkey; Dryops lutulentus Erichson, 1847, Dryops nitidulus Heer, 1841, Dryops rufipes Krynicki, 1832, Elmis maugetii maugetii Latreillei, 1802 and Heterocerus fenestratus Thunberg, 1784 are recorded for the first time from the southeastern Anatolian region. Distributional data in Turkey and worldwide of these species are presented. The aedeagus photo of Dryops jeanneli Bollow and two Heteroceridae species are given.
Utilization of migratory locusts (Locusta migratoria) as a main substrate due to its high protein content for inulinase (2,1-β-d-fructan fructanohydrolase) production by Geotrichum candidum OC-7 was investigated in this study. To optimize fermentation conditions, four influential factors (locust powder (LP) concentration, sucrose concentration, pH and fermentation time) at three levels were investigated using Taguchi orthogonal array (OA) design of experiment (DOE). Inulinase yield obtained from the designed experiments with regard to Taguchi L9 OA was processed with Minitab 15 software at 'larger is better' as quality character. The results showed that optimal fermentation conditions determined as LP 30 g/l, sucrose 20 g/l, pH 6.0 and time 48 h. Maximum inulinase activity was recorded as 30.12 U/ml, which was closer to the predicted value (30.56 U/ml). To verify the results, analysis of variance test was employed. LP had the greatest contribution (71.96%) among the other factors. Sucrose had lower contribution (13.96%) than LP. This result demonstrated that LP had a strong effect on inulinase activity and can be used for enzyme production. Taguchi DOE application enhanced enzyme activity to about 3.05-fold versus unoptimized condition and 2.34-fold versus control medium. Consequently, higher inulinase production can be achieved by the utilization of an edible insect material as an alternative substrate and Taguchi DOE presents suitable optimization method for biotechnological process.
Citric acid (CA) is the most important organic acid used in the food and other industries. Locusta migratoria is an insect species, which has rich nutritional composition (especially protein) and cultivated in some countries. Therefore, the present study investigated the usability of hydrolysate extract of L. migratoria biomass as substrate for the production of CA from Aspergillus niger MT-4. The insect extract (IE) was found to be rich in ash (34.9 g/100 g), protein (35.6 g/100 g) and mineral contents. Yeast extract was found to be the most favorable substrate for biomass production, whereas the maximum production of CA (41.8 g/L) was achieved in the medium containing IE. Besides, uniform pellets with the smallest size (4 mm) were observed in IE medium. It was thought that rich magnesium (6.78 g/100 g) and manganese (1.14 g/100 g) contents of IE increased the production of CA, resulting in the formation of small uniform pellets. This is the first report on the effect of protein-rich insect biomasses on the production of CA. In this regard, L. migratoria biomass was tested for the first time as a CA-production substrate.
Investigation various nitrogen sources effects on the production of invertase by Aspergillus niger was researched in this study. Invertase is a precious enzyme used in many industries like food, pharmacy, confectionery, invert syrup production. Taguchi design of experiment (DOE) was preferred to optimize the cultivation conditions. L16 (43) orthogonal array was selected in the current study including nitrogen source, initial pH of the medium and incubation time at four levels for statistical optimization. The data showed that optimized version of invertase production was achieved using proteose peptone, 5.5 initial pH and 3 days for incubation time. Bacto peptone had higher enzyme activity than casein and yeast extract. pH of the medium was found as the most efficient factor among nitrogen source and incubation time. Besides, percentage contribution of the nitrogen source and incubation time were indicated at similar rates (9 and 10%, respectively). The highest enzyme activity was defined as 45.87 U/ml, which was found to be closer to the predicted result (46.33 U/ml). As a conclusion, proteose peptone increased the invertase activity and use of Taguchi DOE supported quick and effective optimization.
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