Antibiotics are extensively applied in aquaculture for the treatment of microbial infections and to improve production. Among various antibiotics, sulfonamides (SA) are popular in fish farming, and SA residues in the aquatic environment have detrimental effects on both ecosystem and human health. Understanding the fate of SA in the aquatic environment is a basic necessity to provide an approach for solving the current problem. In this study, a two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann model was introduced to investigate the transport and occurrence of SA in Laizhou Bay, a prosperous aquaculture area in China. The model is based on the shallow-water equations and advection-diffusion equation with the Bhatnagaar–Gross–Krook scheme. Experimental data are used to verify the model after numerical simulations and the results illustrate the accuracy of the proposed model. This model provides a potential universal method for the simulation of the fate of antibiotics in the aquatic environment.
In hydraulic simulation, the fine land‐water boundary often means more accurate result but more lattices and time cost. In this study, we developed a smoothed quadtree grid and introduced it into the lattice Boltzmann model for the shallow water equations (LABSWE) to balance this problem. The recommended grid is meticulously designed to own a minimum width of advantage over a uniform grid or multi‐block grid, and can describe the zigzag boundary via smaller size lattices with acceptable total number of lattice. As an improved multi‐block grid, the lattices are numbered in serialization for facilitating data storage and parallel computation, and a standardized process is developed to employ this grid in the LABSWE. The spatial interpolation is modified based on the water surface and fluxes instead of the water depth and velocities, in order to satisfy the necessary property (N‐property: the numerical scheme can replicate the exact solution to a stationary case ui≡0 in which there is a nonzero force or source term). The proposed model is verified by two benchmark tests and then applied to the long‐term simulation of unsteady flows in large aquatorium. The agreement between predictions and analytical results or other solutions are satisfactory. Three popular collision schemes, the Bhatnagar–Gross–Krook (BGK) scheme, the multiple relaxation time (MRT) scheme and the central moments (CMs) scheme, have also been tested, showing that the stability of the MRT and CMs schemes are better than the BGK scheme for the flows with higher Reynolds number, but cost only 4%–6% more computational load.
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