Background Primary bone marrow lymphoma (PBML) is a very uncommon neoplasm originally arising in the bone marrow system, and the most common pathological type is diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. Patients and methods To describe the clinical characteristics of PBML and evaluate the risk factors related to prognosis, we recruited and studied 66 patients from our center and the current published literature. Various symptoms are present at the onset of PBML, the most important of which is cytopenia, followed by fever. Forty-seven of these patients were included in our analysis. Results Univariate analysis suggested that B symptoms ( P =0.024), a low serum platelet level (<75×10 9 /L; P =0.032), an elevated serum LDH level ( P =0.039), and not achieving a complete response (CR) following initial therapy ( P =0.007) are associated with worse outcomes. Multivariate analysis showed that only a low serum platelet level (<75×10 9 /L), B symptoms, and not achieving a CR following initial therapy are independent factors for prognosis. In addition, intensive regimens appear to be beneficial for prognosis. Conclusion PBML is a lymphoma with special clinical features, and its recognition is important for establishing a definitive prognosis model and searching for appropriate therapy.

Advancements in immunotherapy have improved our understanding of the immune characteristics of breast cancer. Here, we analyzed gene expression profiles and clinical data obtained from The Cancer Genome Atlas database to identify genes that were differentially expressed between breast tumor tissues and normal breast tissues. Comparisons with the Immunology Database and Analysis Portal (ImmPort) indicated that many of the identified differentially expressed genes were immune-related. Risk scores calculated based on an eight-gene signature constructed from these immune-related genes predicted both overall survival and relapse-free survival outcomes in breast cancer patients. The predictive value of the eight-gene signature was validated in different breast cancer subtypes using external datasets. Associations between risk score and breast cancer immune characteristics were also identified; in vitro experiments using breast cancer cell lines confirmed those associations. Thus, the novel eight-gene signature described here accurately predicts breast cancer survival outcomes as well as immune checkpoint expression and immune cell infiltration processes.

The B7-CD28 gene family plays a key role in regulating cellular immunity and is closely related to tumorigenesis and immune evasion. Here, we explored associations between clinical and immune features and B7-CD28 gene family expression in Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) datasets representing 1812 diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) patients. This included 414 in the GSE10846 training cohort and 470 and 928 patients in the GSE31312 and GSE117556 validation cohorts, respectively. Four survival-associated genes identified in the GSE10846 cohort by univariate Cox analysis were incorporated into a multivariate analysis, ultimately establishing a three-gene risk signature. Risk scores assigned based on expression of these genes were validated by Kaplan–Meier and multivariable Cox analyses in the remaining datasets and in important clinical subsets. High-risk patients had shorter overall survival and, in some cases, progression-free survival than low-risk patients. Additionally, expression of programmed cell death 1 ( PD-1 ) and programmed death ligand 1 ( PD-L1 ), as well as several other important immune checkpoint genes, differed between high-risk and low-risk patients, as did the proportions of various immune-infiltrating cells. Finally, further analysis confirmed that these B7-CD28 genes play important roles in immune responses altered in DLBCL.

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