Despite advances in the 21 st century, dental caries still remains to be one of the most common infectious diseases. Its prevalence was confirmed by the World Health Organization and affirms dental caries as a major health problem in all over the world. Even though the process of tooth decay is multifactorial, the oral bacteria, mutans streptococci, such as Streptococcus mutans and Streptococcus sobrinus, are considered to be causative agents of dental caries in human. Numerous studies carried out on animals and various categories of vaccines were developed such as whole cell vaccine, subunit vaccine, and synthetic peptides. Irrespective of success from active and passive immunization based on animal trials, it is the phenomenon of human heart reactivity that limited the applicability of these trials in humans. Continuous efforts are being made to overcome these limitations and for further success in human trials. With the advent of various antibodies against antigens of mutans streptococci, local passive immunization has become the safer approach in humans against the colonization of bacteria and caries induction. This review provided insight into epidemiology, active and passive immunization in both animal and human trials, as well as the prospects of caries vaccination.
Background: The growing burden of noncommunicable diseases has been seen as one of the most significant developmental and health systems challenges of the 21st century. Most of these deaths have been caused by the four main NCDs, namely: cardiovascular disease accounts for 44% of all deaths from NCDs, cancer accounts for 22%, chronic respiratory disease accounts for 9%, and diabetes accounts for 4%.India is also experiencing a rapid transition. To comprehend the beneficiaries on factors affecting the utilization of healthcare services and service provisioning at the NCDs clinics. To explore perceptions of multiple stakeholders on the role efficacy and effectiveness of NCD clinicsMethods: The current study uses a concurrent mix-methodological approach, which provides equal weightage to qualitative and quantitative methods. The study has adopted explorative concurrent mixed methods research design, Results: The majority of the diseases identifies are cardiovascular diseases which accounts for 30.9%, chronic respiratory diseases are the second-highest among the populations, which accounts for 26.9%, and diabetes is the next with a slight difference of 25.3%, cancer cases also seem to be high 3.9%. The chi-square test for independence was conducted to assess the association or relation between the beneficiary’s level of satisfaction and service utilization. Cramer’s V was computed as the measure of the strength of association for the observed significant associations.Conclusions: The NCD clinics effectively deal with the emerging NCDs, but certain limitations exist in the forms of barriers. The service utilization is also very high right now.
Background: The increasing burden of noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) has been seen as a significant development barrier in the twenty-first-century era. In 2016, nearly 4.1 crore mortalities happened due to noncommunicable diseases only, equivalent to 71% of the overall 5.7 crore deaths.Most of these mortalities were triggered by the four main NCDs, like cardiovascular disease, cancer, chronic respiratory disease and diabetes. These NCDs have become one of the significant health systems challenges in developing countries.Methods: The current study is a concurrent mixed methodological approach which gives equal weightage.Results: The study has identified nine significant domains from the qualitative part. The content analysis was used for quantitative approach which has found that nearly 89.6% feels services are available and 10.4% feels there are lacuna in services. The diseases distribution was diabetes 25.3%, cardiovascular diseases account for 30.9%, chronic respiratory account for 26.9%, cancer 3.9%, and multimorbidity accounts for 12.6%. From the content analysis, it is understood from the beneficiaries that whenever the healthcare professional is free, they are providing the promotive and preventive service, 59.5%.Conclusions: It was understood that the NCD clinics are functional. The NCD clinics are providing the basic services for majority of NCDs. Although the lacuna exists in the health systems with respect to human resources and other factors. There is increased utilization of services compared with past. The role efficacy was found to be high.
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