This study focuses on the calculation of carbon emissions during prefabricated component transportation phase, figuring out how to accurately infer the carbon emissions factor according to the changing of external factors. Through tracking and analyzing the differences between prefabricated component transportation phase and ordinary building material transportation phase, this paper explores how to establish a calculation mathematical model of carbon emissions factor to reflect the real prefabricated component transportation phase, that work would critically lower the bias of component transportation carbon emissions factors between in real world and giving in relevant national standards. The research content involved in this paper provides quantitative scale for Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC), and also helps to establish and popularize carbon sink system of Architecture Engineering and Construction (AEC). In this study, prefabricated component, the basic component of assembled building, is taken as the research object and clue. The real carbon emissions performances of transport vehicles loaded with different number of components are simulated, and the carbon emissions factor and related parameter groups of transport vehicles are measured experimentally. Based on the statistical method, the data parameter selection and regression analysis are carried out by using STATA® 12. The relationship between the three parameters of Load Ratio, Average Speed and Atmospheric Temperature on carbon emissions factor are obtained except the types of vehicles. It is found that there is a linear relationship between the carbon emissions factor and the −0.5 power of the Load Ratio, the square of the Atmospheric Temperature and the reciprocal of the Average Speed, and the R2 value of the fitting formula reaches 90.46%. The result has a good interpretation for the measured data, better reflect the real situation of carbon emissions for assembled building during prefabricated component transportation phase, and improve the accuracy of carbon emissions calculation in this phase. If the Load Ratio and Average Speed can be increased, and the transportation time of prefabricated component at lower temperature can be selected, the carbon emissions can be significantly reduced, that could exert positive influence to the environment.
Solar Decathlon is a multi-disciplinary international competition that integrates energy-saving design strategies to design, build and operate zero-energy solar houses. This study focused on the 15 entries in the third Solar Decathlon China. It summarized their energy-saving design strategies into strategies of architectural design, equipment management, energy acquisition and intelligent regulation, and extracted a total of 22 key design elements. Based on the scoring results of the competition, this study analyzed the application of different design strategies with qualitative analysis; through quantitative analysis, 22 design elements were associated with the score, and the impact of different strategies on the score was comprehensively analyzed. As revealed in the data, design concept, functional structure and application type of renewable energy are significantly correlated with and have a great impact on the score; in contrast, building area and thermal buffer space are not significantly correlated with the score. On the basis of data analysis, this study provides a quantitative decision basis for the energy-saving design strategy of zero-energy buildings, and establishes an empirical model for the design of zero-energy solar buildings in Zhangbei County, Zhangjiakou City. This paper is helpful for the design practice and application of subsequent studies on ZEBs.
Three dynamic centrifuge tests with different densities (corresponding to loose, medium dense, and dense deposits) were conducted at Zhejiang University for LEAP-UCD-2017 for an exercise of repeatability and reproducibility. The same model used in LEAP-GWU-2015 representing a 5-degree slope consisting of saturated Ottawa F-65 was repeated in 2017, but more rigorous protocols and new techniques (CPT and high-speed cameras) were included in Zhejiang University experiments. Test facilities and detailed modeling and testing procedures are presented; uncertainties in input parameters are also discussed. Preliminary results associated with selected experiment are presented.
Building Information Modeling (BIM), as an auxiliary design platform, is increasingly adopted in construction projects. However, it is not widely applied in the collaborative design of zero energy buildings (ZEBs), due to the cross-discipline and complex features of ZEB projects and lack of research on the procedure and method of collaborative design in this field. This paper introduces a BIM-based collaborative design method for ZEBs. From the perspective of the technical requirements of ZEBs, the study elaborates the application of a BIM-based collaborative design method among specialists from different disciplines in passive design, renewable energy utilization and active design. The feasibility of this method is verified by the actual design and construction of the T&A House in Solar Decathlon China (SDC) competition. The research results show that the BIM-based collaborative design method can facilitate the completion of a construction project and achieve the expected goal of zero energy consumption in ZEBs.
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