Although much research has examined human resource management (HRM), managers’ roles in HRM seem to have been ancillary to this area of research. That is, HRM theory and research largely has advanced with a focus on policies, practices, systems, and their implementation and effectiveness, with less attention focused on the managers responsible for the design, adoption, enactment, and implementation of HRM strategy and practice. The purpose of this review is to examine extant research to determine the state of knowledge of the role of managers across organizational hierarchy in HRM. Thus, we review empirical literature for studies that include aspects of the impact lower-to-middle managers, human resource managers, top management teams, CEOs, and boards of directors have on HRM content, process, and outcomes. On the basis of the findings of this systematic, multilevel review, we discuss avenues for future research at each specific manager’s level, as well as general opportunities and challenges for research on managers’ roles in HRM across all hierarchical levels.

Background Previous studies have suggested that sleep timing is associated with cardiovascular risk factors. However, there is no evidence on the relationship between sleep timing and congestive heart failure (CHF). We aimed to examine this relationship in this study. Methods and Results We recruited 4765 participants (2207 men; mean age, 63.6±11.0 years) from the SHHS (Sleep Heart Health Study) database in this multicenter prospective cohort study. Follow‐up was conducted until the first CHF diagnosis between baseline and the final censoring date. Sleep timing (bedtimes and wake‐up times on weekdays and weekends) was based on a self‐reported questionnaire. Cox proportional hazard models were constructed to investigate the association between sleep timing and CHF. During the mean follow‐up period of 11 years, 519 cases of CHF (10.9%) were reported. The multivariable Cox proportional hazards models revealed that participants with weekday bedtimes >12:00  am (hazard ratio [HR], 1.56; 95% CI, 1.15–2.11; P =0.004) and from 11:01  pm to 12:00  am (HR, 1.25; 95% CI, 1.00–1.56; P =0.047) had an increased risk of CHF compared with those with bedtimes from 10:01  pm to 11:00  pm . After stratified analysis, the association was intensified in participants with a self‐reported sleep duration of 6 to 8 hours. Furthermore, wake‐up times >8:00  am on weekdays (HR, 1.53; 95% CI, 1.07–2.17; P =0.018) were associated with a higher risk of incident CHF than wake‐up times ≤6:00  am . Conclusions Delayed bedtimes (>11:00  pm ) and wake‐up times (>8:00  am ) on weekdays were associated with an increased risk of CHF.

We developed a prediction model for delirium in elderly patients in the intensive care unit who underwent orthopedic surgery and then temporally validated its predictive power in the same hospital. In the development stage, we designed a prospective cohort study, and 319 consecutive patients aged over 65 years from January 2018 to December 2019 were screened. Demographic characteristics and clinical variables were evaluated, and a final prediction model was developed using the multivariate logistic regression analysis. In the validation stage, 108 patients were included for temporal validation between January 2020 and June 2020. The effectiveness of the model was evaluated through discrimination and calibration. As a result, the prediction model contains seven risk factors (age, anesthesia method, score of mini-mental state examination, hypoxia, major hemorrhage, level of interleukin-6, and company of family members), which had an area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of 0.82 (95% confidence interval 0.76–0.88) and was stable after bootstrapping. The temporal validation resulted in an area under the curve of 0.80 (95% confidence interval 0.67–0.93). Our prediction model had excellent discrimination power in predicting postoperative delirium in elderly patients and could assist intensive care physicians with early prevention.

By conventional mechanism, polymer flooding decreases the Mobility Ratio and increases the Sweep Efficiency and Recovery of the reservoir, but does not increase the Displacement Efficiency (ED). However, from new understanding of the mechanism that driving fluid elasticity can increase the ED, Daqing Oil Field started 2 field pilot tests of high elasticity fluid flooding in year 2002, the actual recoveries are all more than 21%OOIP above that of water flooding, with incremental recoveries about double that of conventional polymer flooding (viscosity at 40~60 cp). Due to the very good results, in the recent 3 years, Daqing has rapidly expanded high viscous-elastic fluid flooding to more than 5000 wells. From the results of 1000 wells that have used this EOR method for a sufficient time to predict the results from field data, all will attain an incremental recovery of more than 20%OOIP; the other wells, according to numerical simulation, are performing as expected. Some new knowledge on the mechanism of viscous-elasticity of the driving fluid mobilizing residual oil is also presented. Field experience shows the difficulties in solving the problems of producing, pumping, gathering and treating produced fluid from high viscous-elastic floods are about the same as that of conventional polymer floods and much easier to solve than alkaline-surfactant-polymer (ASP) floods. The field results also show that the economics (costs per ton of produce oil) of this EOR method is about the same as conventional polymer flooding. In Daqing, very large scale high elasticity flooding is taking the place of conventional polymer flooding and ASP flooding to further increase the field recovery from 42% OOIP for water flooding to above 60%OOIP for high elastic fluid flooding. More than 2000 wells are converted to this method per year. This is a very promising new EOR method that could be used by itself or in conjunction with other Chemical EOR methods to significantly increase the recovery of many types of oil-fields.