Acetates of glycerol have been produced in a heterogeneous reaction system using acidic ion-exchange resin catalysts; Amberlyst-15 (A-15), Amberlyst-16 (A-16), Amberlyst-36 (A-36), Amberlite-IR 120 (A-IR 120) and Relite-EXC8D (R-EXC8D). Effect of reaction temperature on glycerol conversion and product (mono, di and tri glycerol acetates) selectivities were investigated via reaction experiments conducted with glycerol to acetic acid initial molar ratio (G/Ac) of 1/6. Increase in glycerol conversion with an increase in temperature was observed for all catalysts. Among the catalysts investigated, R-EXC8D exhibited the highest activity in the temperature range of 95–150°C. Reaction was completed within a 25 minute short time period.
ÖZETÇevreci bir yakıt olan biyodizel çeşitli avantajlarından ötürü dizel yakıta alternatif bir yakıttır. Bitkisel yağın metanol veya etanol ile transesterleşmesiyle biyodizel üretilmekte ve yan ürün olarak önemli miktarda gliserin oluşmaktadır. Gliserinin asetik asitle esterleşmesi biyodizel üretiminden kaynaklanan artan gliserinin değerlendirilmesi açısından alternatif bir çözüm teşkil eder. Yapılan çalışmada gliserinin asetik asitle esterleşme reaksiyonu Smopex-101 varlığında sıvı faz kesikli otoklav reaktörde incelenmiştir. Yapılan reaksiyon çalışmalarında oda sıcaklığında oldukça kısa sürede (25 dakika) %100 gliserin dönüşümüne ulaşılmıştır. Reaksiyon sıcaklığı ve başlangıç reaktan molar oranlarının gliserin dönüşümü ve ürün seçiciliği açısından etkisi incelenmiştir. En yüksek diasetin (%77) ve triasetin (%23) seçiciliğine 363K'de ve gliserin/asetik asit;1/12 molar oranında ulaşılmıştır. Triasetin seçiciliğini artırmaya yönelik asetil klorür ile Smopex-101 varlığında asetilasyon reaksiyonu gerçekleştirimiştir. Oda sıcaklığında gerçekleştirilen çalışmalarda 1200 dakika sonunda %60 triasetin seçiciliğine ulaşılmıştır.Anahtar Kelimeler: Smopex-101, gliserin, esterleşme, asetilasyon PRODUCTION OF VALUABLE CHEMICALS VIA ESTERIFICATION AND ACETYLATION OF GLYCEROL, BY-PRODUCT OF BIODIESEL ABSTRACTBiodiesel is an alternative fuel to gasoline due to its environmental and economical benefits. Glycerol is the main by-product of the biodiesel production by transesterification of vegetable oil with methanol or ethanol. The esterification of glycerol with acetic acid can be a good choice for utilization of by-product glycerol. In this work esterification of glycerol with acetic acid was performed in liquid phase autoclave batch reactor in the presence of Smopex-101. Complete glycerol conversion was achieved in the reaction studies even at room temperatures. Effects of reaction temperatures and initial reactant molar ratios on the glycerol conversions and product selectivity were also investigated. The maximum diacetin (77 %) and triacetin (23 %) selectivities were achieved at 363 K and glycerol/acetic acid; 1/12 molar ratio. Acetylation reactions were performed with acetyl chloride in the presence of Smopex-101 in order to increase triacetin selectivity. 66 % triacetin selectivity was achieved in acetylation reaction studies in a period of 1200 minutes at room temperature.
ÖZETMikro kürelerin sentezinde izlenen ve ısıl muamele, kalsinasyon ve yüzey aktif madde kullanımı gibi pek çok basamak içeren sentez prosedürleri endüstriyel uygulamalarda bir takım zorluklara ve maliyet artışlarına neden olmaktadır. Bu zorlukların üstesinden gelmek ayrıca sentez şartlarındaki ek işlemlerden kaynaklanan maliyetlerin azaltılması amacıyla,
This study was conducted in order to provide theoretical general information about the social factors affecting consumer behavior. The study includes theoretical approaches related to social classes, characteristics of social classes, social classes by income, consumption inequalities, effects of family on consumption, effects of culture and reference groups on consumption behaviors. It has been dec that consumption may vary not only dec families belonging to the same social class, but also between families belonging to different social classes. The main social factors affecting consumer behavior are family, roles and status. Social factors have a direct impact on the consumption and purchasing behavior of people. Consumer behavior is an action that affects not only individuals and societies, but also countries and national economies. Due to these characteristics, it is highly important to raise public awareness of the issue and conduct research on it.
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