Cocoa-containing products are widely consumed due to their desired taste and high nutritional value. One of the most popular cocoa products is chocolate which consists of cocoa butter, sugar, milk ingredients which can be followed by cocoa hazelnut cream. However, unlike chocolate, cocoa hazelnut cream contains cheaper vegetable fats instead of cocoa butter. The cocoa hazelnut cream, first discovered in Italy, during the very difficult cocoa obtaining times after the Second World War. Its popularity rapidly expands in many parts of the world which made it a favorite product with increasing consumption. The most important attractive sensorial characteristics of hazelnut creams are color, flavor, and texture. In addition, a typical cocoa cream should have smooth spreadability combined with rich creamy taste and good oxidative stability (Lončarević et al., 2016;Nutella, 2020). Lipid oxidation is one of the main causes of food deterioration both in cocoa hazelnut cream and other foods during processing and storage. Oxidation, the chemical food damage, affects the products both nutritionally and technologically (Ranawana et al., 2018). Fats or fat-containing products can form free radicals by the oxidation of unsaturated fatty acids when stored under unsuitable conditions such as heat, light, and metal ions (Ahmed et al., 2016). The end products of these reactions cause undesirable flavor, aroma, and compromise the nutritional quality of food. In cases where oxidation cannot be prevented by physical and technological methods, the most effective procedure applied to increase the shelf life of foodstuffs is the addition of antioxidants (Shakerardekani et al., 2013).However, the usage of synthetic antioxidants in foods has become
ÖZKakao ve kakaolu gıdalar, lezzetlerine ek olarak yüksek polifenol, protein, mineral ve karbonhidrat içeriğine sahip oldukları için çok değerli endüstri ürünleridir. Özellikle fenollerden kaynaklanan antioksidan içerikleri, kakao ve ürünlerini fonksiyonel gıdalar kategorisine taşımıştır. Bu nedenle kakao ürünlerinin, özellikle çikolatanın, raf ömrünün uzatılması, zararlı bileşenlerin uzaklaştırılması veya azaltılması, besin değerlerinin ve antioksidan aktivitesinin daha da arttırılması tüketici sağlığına kattığı olumlu etkilerin yanında ticari ve ekonomik olarak da önem taşımaktadır. Bu derlemede, biyolojik aktif bileşenler kullanılarak fonksiyonel özellikleri arttırılmış kakao ürünleri hakkında yapılan araştırma ve sonuçları bir araya getirilmiştir. Yapılan çalışmalar, kakao ürünlerinin biyoyararlılıklarının arttırılmasının sağlık üzerine olumlu etkilerinden dolayı gelişmeye açık bir alan olduğunu göstermiştir. ABSTRACTCocoa and cocoa products are very valuable industrial food because they have high amount of polyphenols, protein, mineral and carbonhydrate in addition to their taste. Antioxidant contents especially provided by phenols have moved cocoa and its products to category of functional foods. Therefore, prolonging the shelf life, removing or reducing harmful components, increasing the nutritional value and antioxidant activity of cocoa products, especially chocolate, have commercial and economical importance beside positive effects on consumer health. Researchers and their results about functionally enriched cocoa products using biologically active ingredients were combined in this review. Studies were shown that enhancement of the bioavailability of cocoa products are an open area for improvement because of the positive effects on human health.
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