Background and Aim:Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a highly infectious viral disease upsetting cattle, caused by LSD virus (LSDV) within the family Poxviridae. Sporadic cases of LSD have been observed in cattle previously vaccinated with the Romanian sheep poxvirus (SPPV) vaccine during the summer of 2016 in Sharkia province, Egypt. The present study was undertaken to perform molecular characterization of LSDV strains which circulated in this period as well as investigate their phylogenetic relatedness with published reference capripoxvirus genome sequences.Materials and Methods:A total of 82 skin nodules, as well as 5 lymph nodes, were collected from suspect LSD cases, and the virus was isolated in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs). LSD was confirmed by polymerase chain reactions amplification of the partial and full-length sequences of the attachment and G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) genes, respectively, as well as a histopathological examination of the lesions. Molecular characterization of the LSDV isolates was conducted by sequencing the GPCR gene.Results:Characteristic skin nodules that covered the whole intact skin, as well as lymphadenopathy, were significant clinical signs in all suspected cases. LSDV isolation in ECEs revealed the characteristic focal white pock lesions dispersed on the chorioallantoic membranes. Histopathologic examination showed characteristic eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies within inflammatory cell infiltration. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that the LSDV isolates were clustered together with other African and European LSDV strains. In addition, the LSDV isolates have a unique signature of LSDVs (A11, T12, T34, S99, and P199).Conclusion:LSDV infections have been detected in cattle previously vaccinated with Romanian SPPV vaccine during the summer of 2016 and making the evaluation of vaccine efficacy under field conditions necessary.
Newcastle disease (ND) is a highly infectious transboundary avian notifiable disease caused by Newcastle disease virus (NDV). This study was aimed to assess the pathogenesis of two Egyptian NDV strains of different genotypes in quails based on clinical signs, gross pathology, histopathology, virus nucleic acid detection in different organs using reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and virus re-isolation as well as measurement of the antibody titer in serum samples. Two week-old Japanese quails (n=90) were equally allocated into three groups, the quails in the groups A and B were experimentally inoculated via oculonasal route with 0.2 mL of 10 7 EID 50 (embryo infectious dose 50) units of NDV VIb (EG/SR/76/CH/1967) and NDV VIId (NDV/Chicken /Egypt/1/2015) strains, respectively. Group C was kept as a control group, which received phosphate-buffered saline (PBS). Our results denoted that NDV VIId was shown to cause only very mild clinical signs with no microscopic lesions detected in different organs in contrast to the NDV VIb. Additionally, NDV VIId nucleic acid was detected only in two tissue samples (spleen and brain) of two different quails at 7 days post infection (dpi) using RT-PCR without any success in isolating the virus from these tissue samples. From our results, we suggested that the decreased pathogenicity caused by NDV VIId was correlated with limited virus replication in different organs of infected quails, although it contained multiple basic amino acids at fusion protein cleavage site.
Infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) is a major respiratory viral pathogen affecting chickens. In the current study, 81 tracheal tissues from 27 vaccinated broiler chicken flocks exhibited respiratory signs and high mortality rate up to 80% were collected from eight Egyptian Governorates during the period from 2017 to 2018. Out of the twentyseven examined flocks, nine flocks were positive for IBV using quantitative reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR). Virus isolation was carried out for the RT-qPCR positive samples in embryonated chicken eggs (ECEs) for four blind passages along with partial amplification of spike protein (S1) using RT-PCR followed by sequencing for two representative isolates. Based on the deduced amino acids sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the S1 protein, the IBV isolates reported in this study were categorized into two lineages. One isolate, IBV-Ch-KafrAshaykh-2017 (MN201589) was belonged to GI-23 lineage showed high homology in amino acids sequences ranged from 92.4-99.4% with Egy/variant1 strains and the other isolate, IBV-Ch-Sharkia-2018 (MN201590) was belonged to GI-1 lineage showed high homology in amino acids sequences ranged from 95.3-98.8% with classical IBV strains. Therefore, it is very important to track the continuous evolution of IBV strains circulating in Egypt for better understanding the genetic relationship between circulating IBVs and the vaccine strains that will help in improving IBV control.
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