This article considers the loan indicators in the Republic of Kazakhstan and defines promising areas for the development of project and leasing financing of alternative investment instruments in infrastructure projects. The results of the research demonstrate that on the financial market of the Republic of Kazakhstan the volume of bank credit falls and the availability of capital decreases, which stipulates the attraction of alternative sources of financing for infrastructure projects. Prospective mechanisms of investing in projects of this kind include projects and leasing financing. It is noted that currently, the Republic of Kazakhstan is successfully cooperating with international financial companies and multilateral development banks to attract financial resources to implement investment projects. In spite of the existing leasing development potential, this mechanism for financing infrastructure projects is not entirely used. Stimulation of demand for leasing programs by corporate clients, the development of subsidy programs or guarantees to suppliers to purchase equipment, the reduction of the cost of funding, the development and implementation of project financing programs on the basis of syndication of loans are singled out as promising directions for the further development of project and leasing financing mechanisms.
For successful economic transition to the new stage of development improvements in business environment, as also the entrepreneurs who are ready to start your own business and to set up new companies. One of the main challenges the EU Member States face is the need to boost their level of entrepreneurship and to become more competitive in the global market. That was one of the main objectives set by the Lisbon European Council, in March 2000, with a view to improving the Union's performance in terms of employment, economic reform and social cohesion. Entrepreneurship is not only a driving force in the creation of new jobs, but it also increases and enhances competitiveness and growth, personal fulfilment and the achievement of social objectives. The authors pay specific attention to the need to examine factors that affect the business environment development and entrepreneurship in regions of Latvia, which determinethe complexity of the existing conditions and factors in each region in Latvia.
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The European Commission has evaluated the consequences of the Latvian tax reform in 2018 and declared that the set target of decreasing tax burden for people with low income was not reached, yet the tax reform continuing implementation caused even greater social stratification. The goal of the study was to develop method for determining the rational tax on vehicles based on criteria of fairness and efficiency using an analytical approach. To develop such a method for vehicle taxation, relative single indexes approach as a part of method of variant optimization was used based on relative fuel equivalent coefficient. To analyse the current situation in Latvia and show possible ways of improving it, scenario analysis (three controlling cases) and mathematical modelling by using the developed method were carried out. Analysis of the first controlling case showed that the current situation in Latvia's vehicle taxation policy is not efficient enough from the point of the combination of fairness and efficiency. To improve the situation and achieve zone of optimum (the third controlling case) it is possible to shift tax burden partially from local taxpayers to taxpayers with foreign-registered vehicles. To comply with the recommendation of the European Commission, it is also recommended to set fairness as a primary criterion and make the system more favourable to the taxpayer (when operating in the zone of optimum). It can be achieved by using annual mileage as a base to determine the tax. If recommendations would be implemented partially, it is possible to reach the state (the second controlling case), where vehicle taxation is becoming optimal, yet any change in tax rates or procedures separately will lead to ineffective or unfair solutions. Overall the developed method allows to analyse and forecast most of the changes in vehicle taxation.
Compliance control is successfully applied in the practice of risk management and procurement activities of many global and some Russian companies, often working with foreign investments. This tool has demonstrated high results in the system of internal control of contract performers when conducting purchases for state and municipal needs. Taking into account that compliance control is a fairly new area of research in Russia, an urgent and interesting task is to study the theoretical aspects and mechanisms of this type of control by Russian companies on a par with other traditional forms of control and audit of public procurement at the level of organizations.
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