Aluminum sacrificial anodes are currently the first choice for cathodic protection in numerous applications. The galvanic performance of aluminum-based sacrificial anodes is considerably enhanced by addition of certain alloying elements called activators. Recent researches proved that incorporation of specific metal oxides like MnO2, CeO2, RuO2, and IrO2 into the aluminum matrix could enhance the galvanic efficiency of aluminum anodes; however, the mechanism by which metal oxides improve galvanic properties of aluminum is still subject to discussion. The present work investigates the effect of incorporating commercially available low-cost manganese dioxide concentrate into Al-5Zn-0.1Sn sacrificial anodes in different volume fractions. It also studies the influence of heat treatment on anode’s galvanic performance by performing solution treatment at 3 different temperatures (250 °C, 400 °C, 550 °C). The electrochemical testing results proved an increase in efficiency of anodes incorporated with metal oxides and solution treated at 550 °C. The SEM imaging and EDX elemental mapping declared that the presence of SiO2 particles in the anode matrix which might cause effective and uniform corrosion of Al anodes and decreased non-coulombic losses.
Graphical abstract
Diffusion impregnation with chromium is widley used as a surface treatment for steel and gray cast-iron , but very limited in ductile cast-iron . Two types of ductile castiron , ferretic and 60 % pearlitic , are surface chromised under different conditions using powder pack method .The maximum attaind chromised layer thickness of 22 um with surface microhardness of 1950 HV. is achived after treatment at 1000 . 0 for 30 hours . The rate controlling of the carbide layer growth process during chromising is being the diffusion of the chroium element and the direction of layer growth is determined to be inward chromium diffusion . The evaluation of the newly formed layers by corrosion , oxidation and wear resistance are carried out and discussed in the light of the obtained results .
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