Background: The use of pharmaceutical products in our day to day life is escalating and one cannot deny their presence in every household. Unfortunately not all the medicines that reach our homes get consumed. Unused, unwanted and expired drugs get accumulated over time and are generally disposed along with other household trash thus contributing to environmental pollution. This turns our attention towards the significance of eco-pharmacovigilance. Assessing the level of knowledge and awareness of students under training as health care professionals regarding safe disposal of pharmaceutical wastes can help us to partly assess the magnitude of the problem of inappropriate disposal methods and help us to plan and initiate steps to prevent the hazards caused by improper disposal of these items.Methods: A questionnaire based cross-sectional study was conducted among medical and paramedical students of a tertiary care teaching hospital using a pre-validated questionnaire from previous studies.Results: Majority of the participants were not aware of the possible hazards of improper disposal of pharmaceutical wastes. They expressed the need for awareness programs regarding the subject.Conclusions: The study revealed the practice of drug accumulation at home. The disposal methods opted by the participants were not the recommended methods. There is a need to address this issue through awareness programs at various levels.
Purpose Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is a potent inducer of micro vascular permeability thus leading to nephropathy. Insertion/deletion (I/D) polymorphism of 18 bp at-2549 position in VEGF gene causes increased transcription leading to increased production of VEGF. Thus, we aimed to associate I/D polymorphism of the 18 bp fragment at-2549 position of the promoter region of VEGF gene with sickle cell nephropathy (SCN). Methods This observational analytical case control study included 30 subjects each of SCN, sickle cell disease (SCD) without nephropathy and the control group. The subjects were assessed for various hematological and biochemical parameters. Further, 18 bp I/D polymorphism of VEGF gene in all three study groups was assessed by polymerase chain reaction followed by electrophoresis and compared. Result Though increased frequency of both DD genotype and D allele was found in SCN compared to SCD and control, only frequency of D allele was found to be significantly higher (p = 0.04). D allele posed marginal risk of microalbuminuria in SCD subjects compared to controls (OR = 2.11) as well as to SCD without MA subjects (OR = 1.84). Conclusion D allele in I/D polymorphism in the promoter region of VEGF gene may be associated with marginal increase in risk of susceptibility to sickle cell nephropathy. Keywords Sickle cell disease Á Sickle cell nephropathy Á VEGF Á Polymorphism & Dnyanesh B.
Migraine is a complex neurological condition, which can affect the whole body and can result in many symptoms as nausea, vomiting, photophobia (Increased sensitivity to light), phonobhobia (Increased sensitivity to sound) and osmophobia (Increased sensitivity to smell). Neurological symptoms that include visual disturbances such as blind spots, distorted vision, flashing lights or zigzag patterns. Other common symptoms includes- dizziness, vertigo, tingling sensations in the limbs, an inability to concentrate, confusion, difficulty in speaking, paralysis or loss of consciousness (in very rare cases). These symptoms, often called ‘aura’. Migraine attacks may differ in their frequency, duration and severity, although, normally they last between 4 and 72 hours, and most people are symptom-free between attacks. There are many drugs for the treatment of acute attack of migraine which can be divided into mild, moderate and severe attacks. In mild case NSAIDs like Paracetamol, Ibuprofen are prescribed. In moderate cases Anti-emetics like metoclopramide, domperidone can be prescribe with combinations of NSAIDs or triptans as sumatriptan. In case of severe cases triptans can be prescribed with ergot alkaloids and antiemetics. Following drugs are prescribed for the prophylaxis of migraine as sodium valproate, amitriptyline (Tricyclic antidepressant), propranolol and metoprolol (beta blockers). Erenumab-aooe is a calcitonin gene-related peptide receptor antagonist. It is specifically indicated for the preventative treatment of migraine in adults. Erenumab-aooe is supplied as an injection for subcutaneous use. The recommended dosage is 70 mg injected subcutaneously once monthly. Some patients may benefit from a dosage of 140 mg injected subcutaneously once monthly, which is administered as two consecutive subcutaneous injections of 70 mg each. Erenumab-aooe is a human monoclonal antibody that binds to the calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) receptor and antagonizes CGRP receptor function.
Background: Self-medication is very common in our day to day life which is an unhealthy and risky practice. Present study was done to determine the knowledge, attitude and practice among second professional medical students.Methods: A questionnaire related to self-medication with consent was prepared and distributed among the students of second professional. Data was collected and analysed the results expressed as counts and percentages.Results: Total 100 students participated in the study for taking self-medication and was no need to visit the doctor for minor illness. In maximum students, source of information of the drugs used for self-medication pharmacological based and learning process in the college. The source of drug was medical store. Most of the students took self-medication for loose motion and headache followed by cough, cold and fever. Out of total 100 students most of the students took paracetamol tablet as self-medication.Conclusions: This study showed that second professional medical students after studying pharmacological books they do not use any wrong medicine as self-medication. High level of awareness of second professional students has minimized self medication.
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