A 32 factorial design was employed to produce controlled release solid dispersions of diclofenac sodium in Eudragit RS and RL by coevaporation of their ethanol solution in a flash evaporator. The effect of critical formulation variables namely total polymer pay loads and levels of Eudragit RL on percent drug incorporation (% DI), drug release at the end of 12 hours (Rel12) and drug release at the end of 3 hours (Rel3) were analyzed using response surface methodology. The parameters were evaluated using the F test and mathematical models containing only the significant terms were generated for each parameter using multiple linear regression analysis and analysis of variance. Both the formulation variables studied exerted a significant influence (p < 0.05) on the drug release whereas the total polymer levels emerged as a lone factor significantly influencing the percent drug incorporation. Numerical optimization technique employing desirability approach was used to develop a new formulation by setting constraints on the dependent and independent variables. The experimental values of % DI, Rel12 and Rel3 for the optimized batch were found to be 95.22 ± 1.13%, 74.52 ± 3.16% and 29.37 ± 1.26% respectively which were in close agreement with those predicted by the mathematical models. The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Differential scanning calorimetry and Powder x-ray diffractometry confirmed that the drug was reduced to molecular or microcrystalline form in the hydrophobic polymeric matrices, which could be responsible for the controlled drug release from the solid dispersions. The drug release from the solid dispersions followed first order rate kinetics and was characterized by Higuchian diffusion model.
Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) is a lipid soluble, endogenous antioxidant present at highest levels in the heart followed by the kidney and liver. The reduced CoQ10 ubiquinol is well known for its chemical instability and low bioavailability. The present study was designed to synthesize ubiquinol acetate, which is more stable and biologically active, and further evaluate its safety and genotoxic potential. Synthesized ubiquinol acetate showed better stability than that of ubiquinol at the end of 3 months. In vitro genotoxicity studies (AMES test, in vitro micronucleus and chromosomal aberration) showed ubiquinol acetate as nongenotoxic with no clastogenic or aneugenic effects at high dose of 5000 and 62.5 μg/mL, respectively. In subchronic toxicity study, ubiquinol acetate was administered orally to Sprague Dawley rats at 150, 300, and 600 mg/kg/day for 90 days. No treatment related adverse effects were observed in males at 600 mg/kg/day; however, females showed treatment related increase in AST and ALT with small focal irregular white-yellow spots in liver on gross necropsy examination. Histopathological evaluation revealed hepatocellular necrosis in high dose females which was considered as adverse. Based on the results, the No-Observed-Adverse-Effect Level (NOAEL) of ubiquinol acetate in males and females was determined as 600 and 300 mg/kg/day, respectively.
The selected propranolol microsphere formulation, S6 was employed for gel formulation with a variety of polymers like Carbopol 934, HPMC and Sodium CMC by mechanical stirring method in order to develop a sustained release propranolol microspheres containing bioadhesive gel. The prepared bioadhesive gels were evaluated for pH, viscosity, %drug content, in vitro drug release studies, bioadhesion, ex vivo permeation studies, accelerated stability and in vivo bioavailability studies. From all the above studies FG3 was found to be optimized formulation. In vitro experiments indicated a sustained release of 98.92% over 12 h and an acceptable bioadhesion quality for formulation FG3. Optimized formulation was characterized for FTIR, SEM and stability studies and found to be stable. Propranolol Optimized formulation exhibited significant increased bioavailability in vivo when compared with marketed tablet. The drug release from the optimized formulation follows zero order kinetics with anomalous Non-fickian diffusion. In vivo studies revealed that Propranolol Optimized formulation FG3 exhibited significant increased bioavailability when compared with marketed product, due to reduced first pass metabolism, when it is administered by the buccal route. Hence, it can be concluded that the formulation FG3 has potential to deliver Propranolol in a controlled and constant manner for prolong period over other formulations and can be adopted for a successful delivery of propranolol for buccal use.
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