A telemetry drill string system consists of a string of wired drill pipes, and high-frequency signals pass the adjacent drill pipes through inductive couplers. Such a system is used to upload downhole information at high data transmission rates for measurements while drilling (MWD). Since the signal energy attenuates greatly in the system, many repeaters must be provided to ensure signal transmission. A reduction in the signal transmission in a telemetry drill string can extend the relay distance and improve the reliability of the transmission system. In this study, the transmission characteristic of the rod of the wired drill pipe is studied using transmission line theory, and the transmission characteristic of the inductive coupler is studied using high-frequency circuit theory. Using impedance matching between the transmission line of the rod and the inductive coupler, external impedance compensation elements, including a capacitor and a resistor, are recommended, and the electromagnetic parameters of the wired drill pipe are determined. Based on the determined electromagnetic parameters, certain changes in the external impedance compensation capacitance and resistance can lead to impedance mismatch between the transmission line and the inductive coupler. This will generate a reflected signal at the transmission line, and the vector superposes with the transmitted signal. The terminal reflection coefficient of the transmission line is controlled by increasing the compensation resistance value to enhance the signal amplitude, which can compensate the transmission loss when passing through the inductive coupler to a certain extent. Thus, the signal transmission capability of the telemetry drill string can be improved, allowing for long-distance signal transmission or drastically extending the relay distance, while maintaining a certain channel bandwidth.
Fractured-vuggy reservoir is significantly different from porous reservoirs. Ordovician reservoir in T Oilfield in China is the largest FVCR around the world. Water flooding has been applied as a prospective method in more than 140 units, but water channeling is especially serious and the recovery is only about 15%. In such reservoir, cavities and fractures are the main storage spaces and flow channels, respectively. Because the fractures and cavities are spatially non-stratified and discretized, the waterflood pattern differs significantly from that in sandstone or porous carbonate reservoirs. It is very essential to construct a spatial well pattern to match the distribution and connectivity of fractures and cavities, which is a very popular topic in recent years.
In this work, we presented a multistage construction method of spatial well pattern combining reservoir engineering with numerical simulation methods. Firstly, the economic concepts of Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient were introduced to choose the injector from all wells to achieve equilibrium displacement of injected water in the plane. Secondly, displacement and drainage equilibrium index (DDEI) was presented to determine the vertical location of the injector to achieve equilibrium displacement and drainage in vertical direction. Thirdly, the vertical locations of the producers were determined based on the distribution of reserves in vertical direction. Fourthly, the local producers were further optimized based on the cavities along the wellbore by numerical simulation. Finally, this method was successfully used to construct the spatial well patterns of fractured-vuggy units with different karst features in A unit of T Oilfield.
The results show that the oil recovery factor is inversely proportional to the Gini coefficient calculated with the combined variable of flow resistance and crude reserve rather than that calculated with flow resistance in pore reservoirs. The ratio of the reserve to formation factor, V/(kh), can be used to determine the vertical location of the injector. And the optimal DDEI which is the ratio of V/(kh) in upper reservoir of the wellbore to that in lower reservoir of the wellbore is equal to 1. The vertical locations of producers are related to the vertical distributions of reserve and cavities in different karst units. At last, the principles of constructing spatial well pattern in fractured-vuggy carbonate reservoirs were proposed.
This work provides an innovative and effective method to establish a spatial well pattern for FVCRs, which will break new ground for efficient development of FVCRs by water flooding.
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