This paper addresses the practical implementation of a wireless sensors network designed to actualize cyber-physical systems that are dedicated to structural health monitoring applications in the construction domain. This network consists of a mesh grid composed of LoRaWAN battery-free wireless sensing nodes that collect physical data and communicating nodes that interface the sensing nodes with the digital world through the Internet. Two prototypes of sensing nodes were manufactured and are powered wirelessly by using a far-field wireless power transmission technique and only one dedicated RF energy source operating in the ISM 868 MHz frequency band. These sensing nodes can simultaneously perform temperature and relative humidity measurements and can transmit the measured data wirelessly over long-range distances by using the LoRa technology and the LoRaWAN protocol. Experimental results for a simplified network confirm that the periodicity of the measurements and data transmission of the sensing nodes can be controlled by the dedicated RF source (embedded in or just controlled by the associated communicating node), by tuning the radiated power density of the RF waves, and without any modification of the software or the hardware implemented in the sensing nodes.
This paper addresses the concept of a wirelessly powered and battery-free wireless sensor for the cyber-physical systems dedicated to the structural health monitoring applications in harsh environments. The proposed material architecture is based on a smart mesh wireless sensor network composed of sensing nodes and communicating nodes. The sensing nodes are used to sense the physical world. They are battery-free and wirelessly powered by a dedicated radiofrequency source via a far-field wireless power transmission system. The data collected by the sensing nodes are sent to the communicating nodes that, between others, interface the physical world with the digital world through the Internet. A prototype of the sensing node-using a LoRaWAN uplink wireless communication and temperature and relative humidity sensor-has been manufactured, and the experiments have been performed to characterize it. The experimental results prove that the periodicity of measurement and communication can be controlled wirelessly by using only the wireless power transmission downlink. In this paper, we highlight the performance of this complete implementation of a wirelessly powered and battery-free wireless sensing node-not yet integrated or miniaturized-designed for implementing complete cyber-physical systems and based on the simultaneous wireless information and power transfer. Finally, an investigation of comparable implementations of the battery-free sensing nodes for the cyber-physical systems is carried out. INDEX TERMS Cyber-physical systems (CPS), Internet of Things (IoT), wireless power transmission (WPT), wireless sensor network (WSN), simultaneous wireless information and power transfer (SWIPT), communicating materials.
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