Connected and self-driving cars have emerged over the last decade as a leading example of cyber-physical systems, which seek to considerably enhance traffic safety, reduce emissions, decrease costs, and improve efficiency. Google, TESLA, Uber ATG are becoming pioneers in the autonomous vehicles industry. Autonomous vehicles can have a large codebase and with a large volume of messages exchanged. The concepts of connected driving, cooperative driving, and intelligent transportation systems increase the connectivity of vehicles to the internet or other cloud services. High connectivity, misconfiguration, and insecure coding widen the attack surface of autonomous vehicles. A conceptual model of autonomous vehicles is presented in this paper to better understand autonomous vehicles' attack surface. In addition, specific threat modeling techniques are discussed. Experiments were carried out to demonstrate the security risks to autonomous vehicles due to third party Electronic Control Units.
The extent of copper leaching in soil columns packed with black volcanic soils, very dark brown volcanic soils, and dark brown non-volcanic soils and in soil beakers containing copper grounding materials (copper clad steel, copper pipe, and copper plate) were examined using deionized distilled water, HN03 (pH 3.5) and 3.5% NaCI solution as a leaching solution. Among the leaching solutions, 3.5% NaCI solution highly affected the leaching of copper in soils containing copper grounding materials, except for black volcanic soil and copper clad steel.The effect of HN03 (pH 3.5) soil on the leaching of copper was not so high because of buffering capacity of soils. The copper in soils and copper grounding materials were not easily leached by a deionized distilled water.
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