This dissertation examines the issue of societal change due to semi-peripheral action, and asks why it is that some societies managed to avoid colonization at the hand of the western powers during the colonial period. The issues at hand include the question of how to bound world-systems in order to determine when a society fully enters the modern world-system which Immanuel Wallerstein describes as a bounded entity that constitutes a social system based on capitalism. In addition, the issues include the question of core/periphery structure -that is the position of a given society in the modern world-system, and the question of agency that a given society is able to exercise when being incorporated into the modern world-system. This dissertation uses the empirical case studies of Japan and Tonga in order to propose an explanatory framework of semiperipheral change that explains why some societies were colonized and others were not. This dissertation argues that each society was semi-peripheral at the point in which they were incorporated into the modern system, and because adaptability is a key feature of semiperipheral action, these two societies were able to avoid colonization. This dissertation argues that societies that transform their dominant mode of production by creating a developmental state while also transforming their political systems in order to conform to Westphalian notions of the nation-state were able to adapt to the modern world-system, and were able to not only avoid colonization, but were able to set themselves on the path to eventual core status. Those societies that only opted for political change but did not transform their mode of production avoided colonization, but were relegated to the extreme periphery of the modern world-system. Societies that did neither were colonized and became peripheralized. This dissertation aims to be a contribution to world-systems theory that examines change in the world-system.
129it is neither so rapid nor so permanent in its effect. Indeed, when in a case of simple phosphaturia we find the urine becoming more alkaline from the constant presence of the fixed carbonates, it becomes very intractable as regards treatment. Of this class of cases, as well as those which closely resemble those described by Tessier under the term "phosphatic diabetes," I hope to consider in a future communication.EVERY surgeon who has frequent occasion to operate for cleft palate will agree that a simplification of the process for inserting the stitches, which is equally efficient with those commonly adopted, will, by shortening the period over which the anaesthesia has to be kept up, be a gain both to himself and his patient. The instrument, of which the following is a description, is introduced by the author to meet this want. It consists in the adoption of a shuttle in the form of a needle-point, containing an eye or slot to carry the silk or wire, A. This fits on to a slight projection or pin, standing out at right angles very near the end of one blade of a strong nair of sdring forcens. Between the needle and the extreme end of this blade the latter is indented by a slit to receive the sitk after it leaves the shuttle or needlepoint, B. When the silk is drawn home through this slit it is carried along the outside of the blade through a groove in a projection for the thumb, C, situated at a convenient distance for making pressure on the blade when using the instrument. By this means the needle is held firmly upon the inner aspect of the blade. The opposing arm of the forceps is somewhat broadened out to support the tissues when clamped between the blades. The centre of this is bored through exactly opposite the point of the needle when the blades are made to come together. This hole, E, has a projection or flange, which fits into a notch behind the point of the needle.It is made slightly smaller than the needle, to receive which it opens somewhat by means of a spring, the blade being split for the purpose, the right degree of tension of the spring being provided by a slide, F, which is placed in position before use. The accurate juxtaposition of the needle-point with the split-ring when penetrating the tissues is secured by the guide, D, which effectually prevents any lateral swerving of the blades. When these are closed upon a flap, the fact of the needle being caught in the ring on the opposite side is indicated by a clicking noise. The thumb is now taken off the boss, C, which releases the silk, and allows the forceps to spring open. The needle is then firmly held in the other arm of the forceps, as shown at G. A little manipulation of this arm of the instrument suffices to draw the short shuttle or needle through the tissues now perforated, and with it the silk with which it is armed. This is drawn towards the operator, a good length of silk being provided for the purpose, and when well out of the mouth, the slide, F, is drawn back, allowing the spring to open at E, the needle is then slipped out with...
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