The respiratory apparatus is a subsystem of the human body. According to system theory, this phenomenon can be called a hierarchical order. This hierarchical order is broken down into further levels because the breathing apparatus also has further subsystems. The entire respiratory process is characterized by two basic physical laws: diffusion and osmosis. These two phenomena allow gas exchange at the level of the pulmonary alveoli and capillaries as well. The process of breathing is done by the breathing muscles and the heart. The function of normal and deep breathing have been given. In the framework of biophysical modeling, the symbiotic relationship between respiratory frequency and amplitude was analyzed. Then we examined the so-called two-level control. It must be emphasized that the existence of a hypothetical secondary brain is only a hypothesis. We have designed a block diagram of the breathing apparatus.We have emphasized that the breathing apparatus is the first priority for people.

The circulatory apparatus has as a main function the constant maintaining of the internal environment in all the regions of the organism. The blood is a liquid tissue, being formed of a fundamental substance – plasma and blood cells. Heart is the central organ of the cardiovascular apparatus. The heart muscles have numerous biophysical properties. The cardiac muscle is never tired unless it suffered a pathological process. During the diastole, blood is aspired in the heart and during the systole it is pushed in the big and small circulation. The blood amount pushed from the heart in the vascular system in a certain time represents the blood flow. The biophysical methods are next: we administer a certain substance amount, then its passing speed will depend on its concentration; to apply the calorimetric principles for the measurement of the gastric blood flow; the diagnostic of a chronic peripheral arteriopathy we use the calorimetric method is based on measuring the heat being introduced in a certain amount of water which has known temperature; one of the most often used methods for the evaluation of the use of radioisotopes in the cardio-vascular system is the compartment method. Any attempt to apply biophysics to the life systems involves three stages. First we observe the phenomena and formulate a biophysical description in the form of equations; after to solve the equations. Finally we return to the real life system and interpret this solution in terms of reality, this interpretation may requiew experimental testing.

The science, this some three thousand year old form of human activity took significant growth in the last 300 years and has confronted with all those difficulties which are quasi inevitable concomitants of all new formation. The three-dimensional model contains five main layers: the inorganic (inorganic systems), the organic, the social, the intellectual and the spiritual. We discussion the hierarchy of the systems according to Boulding. After we indicate some classifications of the sciences. Biophysics is searching for, dealing of and teaching the forms of the connections between the inanimate nature, the living world and the spiritual life, the applicability limits of their own laws in the other medium, their common mutual interactions. To get hold of the biophysical view is not an easy task, because it applies mathematical apparatus to biological systems, on the other hand as a reward it guides to fascinating results, recognizing theoretically which conformity of rules are valid on principle in the Universe in the inanimateliving-spiritual triple system from the lowest to the highest organizational level. Interdisciplinarity oversteps the narrow bounds of the divisions of science and there appear models more manifold reflecting the complex systems. In this way one can make up the reader's claim to consider systematically those problems arising from the various fields of science and life in the countless variety of interrelations and in their very different consequences

No abstract

A seventy-year-old human spends approx. twenty years, or one-third of their life, asleep. During sleep, their connection with the outside world is more or less lost, but in the meantime they experience exciting dreams that are difficult for rational thinking to grasp. Analysis of EEG recordings revealed that sleep can be divided into two sharply separated states: one is the so-called slow wave sleep; the other is the so-called paradoxical sleep (REM), e.g. characterized by strong eyeball movement. The slow sleep period can be divided into 4 periods based on the EEGs, and these follow each other in a well-defined order, then comes the paradoxical sleep and the whole thing is repeated; during a full sleep of approx. 4–6 times. The duration of paradox sleep depends on the individual, but it lasts for approx. 6–15 minutes. Compared to the literature, one of the significances of this article is also that we wrote a mathematical model of the sleep. This model also allows us to characterize different forms of particular sleep.

From the philosophical point of view, the real world is of stratified construction. It contains five main strata: the inorganic, the organic, the social, the intellectual and the spiritual one. The specific character of the respective strata is constituted by their governing principles, categories which are fundamental predicates related to the existing entity as such, determinants (definitenesses) but not simple intellectual concepts or statements. Biophysics, by virtue of its character, creates connections between the inorganic, organic and spiritual stratum searching for their regularities. The predicamental (categorical) laws may be of horizontal type, connecting fields within the same stratum, and of vertical type when they create connections between different strata. The biophysics is moving in vertical dimensions which, however is not characteristic for every borderline science. Biophysics is a border science which deals with physical processes taking place in the living organisms and systems as well as with tools and methods used of their study.

No abstract

No abstract