Men with BM from GCT have poor OS, particularly if additional risk factors are present. High-dose chemotherapy and multimodality treatment seemed to improve survival probabilities in men with BM at relapse.

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"Polymorphic variation in the androgen receptor gene: Association with risk of testicular germ cell cancer and metastatic disease."European Journal of Cancer (Oxford, England : 1990) In 367 TGCC cases and 214 controls, AR CAG and GGN repeat lengths were determined and 11haplotype-tagging single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were genotyped. By binary logistic regression, odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated for the risk of TGCC, non-seminoma versus seminoma, and metastatic versus localized (stage I) disease.For the non-coding SNP, rs12014709, the minor genotype (G) was found in 10% of the cases and in 5.1% of the controls, conferring an OR of 2.07 (95% CI: 1.03-4.15) for having TGCC. Furthermore, short GGN (<23) was associated with an increased risk of metastatic disease (OR: 2.15; 95% CI).The AR polymorphisms find by us might, be involved in gene-environment interaction by increasing the susceptibility to the effect of endocrine disruptors. From a biological point of view, our findings, they strengthen the hypothesis of the importance of androgen action in the aetiology and pathogenesis of testicular malignancy. Future studies should focus on the impact of sex hormones on fetal germ cell development and the interaction between environmental factors and androgen receptor variants in relation to the risk of testicular malignancy.

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