Long-range electron transfer (ET) in horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was studied with a wild-type recombinant form of HRP, rHRP, and recombinant forms containing histidine and cysteine tags at Gln1, Asn57, Asn189, or Ser309 amino acid residues of the protein. Chemisorption of the enzyme onto the Au electrodes through the tags introduced in different positions of the protein surface provided anisotropic orientations of the rHRPs on the Au surface, which allowed a restricted "rotation" of the rHRP molecules on the electrodes. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) studies revealed the monolayer coverage of the enzyme on gold surfaces and the specific orientations of different forms of rHRP, which may be characterized by different distances between the heme active site of rHRP and the gold electrode. The efficiency of long-range ET between the electrode and the heme of rHRP was estimated from direct non-catalytic electrochemistry of rHRPs differently orientated on Au and compared with the theoretically calculated values from the protein ET model (C. C. Page, C. C. Moser, X. Chen, P. L. Dutton, Nature, 1999, 402, 47-51), under the assumption that ET occurs within the protein structure between the heme and the tag-modified amino acid residue of the protein. Comparative analysis of the long-range ET through the rHRP showed that the highest ET rates, obtained for the rHRP forms containing the tags at C- or N-termini of the enzyme, did not correlate with the shortest ET distance, but were instead consistent with the directional ET along the most favourable ET pathway within the protein matrix.

RESUMO.A urolitíase canina e felina constitui-se em uma das principais causas de formação de cálculos urinários, que podem ocorrer desde a pelve renal até a uretra. Estes cálculos formados alteram a fisiologia do trato urinário, variando conforme a sua composição. Os urólitos mais encontrados em cães são os de oxalato de cálcio e fosfato amoníaco magnesiano. Já em gatos, os de oxalato de cálcio são os mais prevalentes entre os sete e nove anos de idade e os de estruvita em felinos jovens. Os sinais clínicos variam entre si, sendo o método de diagnóstico mais utilizado a radiografia simples ou contrastada. Como fatores predisponentes são citados a ocorrência de infecções do trato urinário, variações no pH urinário, fatores hereditários, tipo de dieta e pouca ingestão de água. Esta revisão tem como objetivo informar sobre os diferentes tipos de urólito em cães e gatos, como ocorre a formação dos mesmos e tratamentos empregados na forma clínica e cirúrgica.Palavras chave: Urólitos, obstrução, urinálise, trato urinário Urolithiasis in dogs and catsABSTRACT. Urolithiasis in dogs and cats is one of many causes of urinary calculus formation, which may occur from the renal pelvis until the urethra. This formed calculus are responsible for modifying the physiology of the urinary tract according to its composition. The most founded uroliths in dogs are composed by magnesium ammonia phosphate and calcium oxalate. In cats, the most founded uroliths between the age of sevent and nine are composed by calcium oxalate, and in young cats, the struvite uroliths, are the most founded. Clinical signals varied between themselves, being the simple radiography and radiography with contrast the most used methods for diagnostic. Predisposing factors include the infections of urinary tract, changes in the urine pH, hereditary factors, diet types and low ingestion for water. This review has the purpose to inform about the difference between the uroliths, how your formation happen and the principles of both clinical and surgical treatments Keywords: Uroliths, obstruction, urinalysis, urinary tract Urolitiasis en perros y gatos RESUMEN. La urolitiasis canina y felina se constituye en una de las principales causas de formación de cálculos urinarios, que pueden ocurrir desde la pelvis renal hasta la uretra. Estos cálculos formados alteran la fisiología del tracto urinario, variando según su composición. Los urolitos más encontrados en perros son los de oxalato de calcio y fosfato

The recently developed minimally invasive techniques of ovariohysterectomy (OVH) have been studied in dogs in order to optimize their benefits and decrease risks to the patients. The purpose of this study was to compare surgical time, complications and technical difficulties of transvaginal total-NOTES, singleport laparoscopic-assisted and conventional OVH in bitches. Twelve bitches were submitted to total-NOTES (NOTES group), while 13 underwent single-port laparoscopic-assisted (SPLA group) and 15 were submitted to conventional OVH (OPEN group). Intra-operative period was divided into 7 stages: (1) access to abdominal cavity; (2) pneumoperitoneum; approach to the right (3) and left (4) ovarian pedicle and uterine body (5); (6) abdominal or vaginal synthesis, performed in 6 out of 12 patients of NOTES; (7) inoperative time. Overall and stages operative times, intra and postoperative complications and technical difficulties were compared among groups. Mean overall surgical time in NOTES (25.7±6.8 minutes) and SPLA (23.1±4.0 minutes) groups were shorter than in the OPEN group (34.0±6.4 minutes) (P<0.05). The intraoperative stage that required the longest time was the approach to the uterine body in the NOTES group and abdominal and cutaneous sutures in the OPEN group. There was no difference regarding the rates of complications. Major complications included postoperative bleeding requiring reoperation in a bitch in the OPEN group, while minor complications included mild vaginal discharge in four patients in the NOTES group and seroma in three bitches in the SPLA group. In conclusion, total-NOTES and SPLA OVH were less time-consuming then conventional OVH in bitches. All techniques presented complications, which were properly managed.Keywords: canine, spay, laparoscopy, operative time, transvaginal approach Palavras-chave: caninos, castração, laparoscopia, tempo operatório, abordagem transvaginal RESUMO O emprego de novas técnicas minimamente invasivas de ovário-histerectomia (OHE) vem sendo estudado em cães com o intuito de otimizar seus benefícios e reduzir os riscos aos pacientes. O presente estudo objetivou comparar o tempo cirúrgico, as complicações e dificuldades técnicas entre as abordagens por total-NOTES transvaginal, videoassistida com único portal e por celiotomia para ovário-histerectomia (OVH) em cadelas. Foram operados 12 animais por total-NOTES (grupo NOTES), 13 pela técnica videoassistida (grupo SPLA) e 15 pela técnica convencional (grupo OPEN

No abstract

Statistical mechanics investigates how emergent properties of macroscopic systems (such as temperature and pressure) relate to microscopic state fluctuations. The underlying idea is that global statistical descriptors of order and variability can monitor the relevant dynamics of the whole system at hand. Here we test the possibility of extending such an approach to psychotherapy research investigating the possibility of predicting the outcome of psychotherapy on the sole basis of coarse-grained empirical macro-parameters. Four good-outcome and four poor-outcome brief psychotherapies were recorded, and their transcripts coded in terms of standard psychological categories (abstract, positive emotional and negative emotional language pertaining to patient and therapist). Each patient-therapist interaction is considered as a discrete multivariate time series made of subsequent word-blocks of 150-word length, defined in terms of the above categories. “Static analyses” (Principal Component Analysis) highlighted a substantial difference between good-outcome and poor-outcome cases in terms of mutual correlations among those descriptors. In the former, the patient’s use of abstract language correlated with therapist’s emotional negative language, while in the latter it co-varied with therapist’s emotional positive language, thus showing the different judgment of the therapists regarding the same variable (abstract language) in poor and good outcome cases. On the other hand, the “dynamic analyses”, based on five coarse-grained descriptors related to variability, the degree of order and complexity of the series, demonstrated a relevant case-specific effect, pointing to the possibility of deriving a consistent picture of any single psychotherapeutic process. Overall, the results showed that the systemic approach to psychotherapy (an old tenet of psychology) is mature enough to shift from a metaphorical to a fully quantitative status.

(tarsus, carpus, metacarpus, metatarsus and phalanges (n=57)

A displasia coxofemoral caracteriza-se por incongruência da cabeça do fêmur ao articular-se com o acetábulo, acarretando em frouxidão e instabilidade articular. Este trabalho, tem como objetivo relatar o caso de uma canina diagnosticada com displasia coxofemoral bilateral. Após atendimento inicial, foi realizado exame radiográfico, o qual evidenciou alterações características de displasia coxofemoral, a partir de então optou-se pela intervenção cirúrgica inicial usando a técnica de colocefalectomia, no membro esquerdo, o qual apresentava-se mais acometido radiograficamente. A causa etiológica não foi determinada, porém acredita-se que por ser um animal de grande porte e de rápido crescimento, houve disparidade da musculatura adjacente. O exame radiográfico mostrouse eficaz, bem como o teste de Ortolani, como meios diagnósticos. O tratamento cirúrgico permitiu alívio da dor e função razoável da articulação, mas complicações a longo prazo não podem ser descartadas.Palavras chave: articulação coxofemoral, artroplastia, cães, osteotomia da cabeça do fêmur Use of the colocephalectomy technique in the treatment of hip dysplasia in canine: Case reportABSTRACT. Coxofemoral dysplasia is characterized by incongruence of the head of the femur when articulating with the acetabulum, leading to laxity and joint instability. This study aims to report the case of a canine diagnosed with bilateral hip dysplasia. After initial care, a radiographic examination was performed, which revealed characteristic changes of the hip, and the initial surgical intervention was performed using the colocephalectomy technique in the left limb, which was more affected by radiographs. The etiologic cause was not determined, but it is believed that being a large animal and fast growing, there was disparity of the adjacent musculature. The radiographic examination proved to be effective, as well as the Ortolani test, as diagnostic means. Surgical treatment allowed for pain relief and reasonable joint function, but long-term complications can not be ruled out.

A ruptura do ligamento cruzado (LC) é uma enfermidade diagnosticada em grande parte dos cães com problemas articulares, sendo a causa mais comum de afecção articular degenerativa da articulação do joelho. Este trabalho objetivou avaliar clinicamente a ação da malha de polipropileno como único substituto do LC cranial e caudal de cães, ressaltando particularidades da técnica aqui proposta. Foram utilizados 20 cães, submetidos à desmotomia unilateral dos LC cranial e caudal. Vinte e um dias após a ruptura, todos foram tratados cirurgicamente pela técnica de redução aberta, com o implante de polipropileno substituindo apenas o LC cranial. A técnica proposta demonstrou rápida execução e pouca dissecação de tecidos moles, retorno precoce à deambulação, resistência adequada do implante sem associação de imobilização externa e ausência de reação articular até os 90 dias de pós-operatório.