A prospective study was carried out to investigate the contribution of rhinoviruses to respiratory viral infections in children and to investigate the influence of age, passive smoking, and educational level of the head of the family on the clinical course of viral respiratory disease. Nasopharyngeal aspirates from 519 infants (90.8% inpatients, 9.2% outpatients) were screened for the presence of rhinoviruses, respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), adenoviruses, parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, 3, influenza virus types A and B, and enteroviruses by tissue culture isolation procedure, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and/or indirect immunofluorescence method. The total detection rate was 42.4%. The rate decreased with increasing age. Higher detection rates were observed in specimens from children suffering from a more severe respiratory disease, and the highest rate of virus-positive specimens was found in those aged 0-6 months. Second to RSV (23.1%), rhinoviruses were the most frequently recovered pathogens found in 11.8% of children with acute respiratory tract infections (RTI). In the age group 0-6 months the majority of severe respiratory illnesses was due to RSV. In infants aged 6 months to 1 year a decrease in the number of severe illnesses caused by RSV and an increase in the number of children suffering from a more severe RTI caused by rhinoviruses was found. With the possible exception of one group of children infected with rhinoviruses, a negative effect of passive smoking on the incidence and severity of viral RTI could not be established. A beneficial effect of breast feeding on the severity of viral RTI could not be definitely demonstrated.
Cliinical manifestations of respiratory tract infections due to respiratory syncytial virus and rhinoviruses in hospitalized children. h t a Paediatr Scand 7 8 390,1989. From September 1984 to May 1986, nasopharyngeal secretions were obtained from 519 children with some form of respiratory tract infection. The nasal secretions were screened for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, paraintluenza virus types 1,2,3, influenza virus types A and B, and enteroviruses by tissue culture virus isolation technique andor enzyme-linked immunosorbent essay. A uniform questionnaire gave information about age, sex, individual signs and symptoms, fiidings of the physical examination and clin-
From September 1984 to May 1986, nasopharyngeal secretions were obtained from 519 children with some form of respiratory tract infection. The nasal secretions were screened for respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), rhinoviruses, adenoviruses, parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, 3, influenza virus types A and B, and enteroviruses by tissue culture virus isolation technique and/or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. A uniform questionnaire gave information about age, sex, individual signs and symptoms, findings of the physical examination and clinical diagnosis of the patients. RSV was detected in 119 (23%) specimens and was thus the most frequent causative agent of respiratory infections. After RSV, rhinoviruses were the most frequently recovered pathogens accounting for 60 (12%) cases of acute respiratory disease. A comparison of the individual signs and symptoms, the findings of the physical examination and the clinical diagnosis of RSV and rhinovirus infected children revealed that there was no characteristic clinical pattern associated with either of the two viral respiratory pathogens. According to our results, rhinovirus infections were a major cause of lower respiratory tract infections in hospitalized children less than or equal to 3 years old.
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