This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the 0.15% sodium hyaluronate (SH) and of 0.5% carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) on tear film breakup time (TFBUT) in 10 healthy dogs and in 32 eyes of dogs with keratoconjunctivis sicca (KCS). In addition, the goblet cell density (GCD) of this population was quantified. TFBUT was assessed at baseline and at different time points following the instillation of SH and CMC. KCS was graded as mild, moderate, and severe. GCD were quantified from conjunctival biopsies. The number of GCD differed significantly between patients with mild and moderate KCS (P<0.01). TFBUT of healthy dogs increased only for 1 minute after treatment with SH (P<0.01). Regarding baseline and treatments, SH significantly increased TFBUT for up to 30 minutes on the ocular surface, in comparison to CMC, in all categories of KCS (P<0.01). TFBUT and GCD correlated positively when the healthy and diseased eyes were grouped (r=0.41, P=0.006). It can be concluded that in dogs with KCS, SH lasts longer periods on the ocular surface than CMC, but such agents does not increase TFBUT in healthy dogs. Additionally, tear film stability tends to reduce in a linear fashion from the mild to severe form of KCS.
An 8-year-old domestic short hair female cat initially presented with bilateral uveitis with pseudotumoral appearance. The patient tested negative for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline leukemia virus (FeLV) and Toxoplasma gondii. Histopathology of a granulomatous lesion on the upper left conjunctiva revealed amastigotes compatible with Leishmania spp. Aqueous humor was aspired and the diagnosis was confirmed after isolation of promastigotes cultivated in biphasic NNN medium and by positive polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for Leishmania infantum. Treatment with allopurinol (10mg/kg/ BID/PO) was commenced and a natural insect repellent was prescribed. Six months of treatment with allopurinol associated with the initial topical medications helped to improve ocular signs. Leishmaniasis should be considered as a differential diagnosis in cats presenting uveitis with pseudotumoral appearance. To our knowledge, this is the first report of feline leishmaniasis with ocular manifestation in Brazil, in which diagnosis was confirmed by aqueous humor analysis.
Purpose The ocular surface microbiome has been described as paucibacterial. Until now, studies investigating the bacterial community associated with the ocular surface through high-throughput sequencing have focused on the conjunctiva. Conjunctival samples are thought to reflect and be representative of the microbiome residing on the ocular surface, including the cornea. Here, we hypothesized that the bacterial community associated with the corneal surface was different from those of the inferonasal and superotemporal conjunctival fornices, and from the tear film. Methods Both eyes from 15 healthy piglets were sampled using swabs (inferonasal fornix, superotemporal fornix, and corneal surface, n = 30 each) and Schirmer tear test strips (STT, n = 30). Negative sampling controls (swabs and STT, n = 2 each) and extraction controls (n = 4) were included. Total DNA was extracted and high-throughput sequencing targeting the 16S rRNA gene was performed. Bioinformatic analyses included multiple contamination-controlling steps. Results Corneal surface samples had a significantly lower number of taxa detected (P<0.01) and were compositionally different from all other sample types (Bray-Curtis dissimilarity, P<0.04). It also harbored higher levels of Proteobacteria (P<0.05), specifically Brevundimonas spp. (4.1-fold) and Paracoccus spp. (3.4-fold) than other sample types. Negative control STT strip samples yielded the highest amount of 16S rRNA gene copies across all sample types (P<0.05). Conclusions Our data suggests that the corneal surface provides a distinct environmental niche within the ocular surface, leading to a bacterial community compositionally different from all other sample types.
RESUMO O presente trabalho objetivou avaliar os resultados de 34 olhos submetidos ao enxerto conjuntival pediculado (ECP) em ceratites ulcerativas profundas (n=5), em ceratites ulcerativas com colagenólise (n=2), descemetocele (n=7), perfuração corneal (n=15) e prolapso de íris (n=5). Os impactos do grau de uveíte e da integridade da córnea foram correlacionados com presença e ausência de visão por tabelas de contingência. Raças braquicefálicas foram acometidas em 91,11% dos casos. O número de córneas consideradas perfuradas [20/34 (58,82%)] foi maior que o de córneas íntegras [14/34 (41,17%)]. Ao 50º dia de pós-operatório, o número de olhos visuais que apresentavam córneas íntegras previamente às cirurgias (n=13) não diferiu significativamente dos olhos com córneas perfuradas (n=12) (P=0,05). Avaliações relativas ao grau de uveíte, revelaram que a metade dos casos foi considerada severa [17/34 (50%)] e na outra metade as uveítes foram consideradas discretas. Dos 17 casos que apresentaram uveíte severa, oito recuperaram a visão. Já nos 17 olhos onde a uveíte foi considerada leve, 15 mantiveram a visão ao final do período de avaliação. Apesar de a integridade da córnea não se correlacionar com a severidade da uveíte (P=0,48), constatou-se que o número de olhos visuais com uveíte discreta foi significativamente maior que os olhos com uveíte severa (P=0,006). Neste estudo, a taxa geral de sucesso visual após ECP foi de 73,52% e a integridade da córnea não exerceu impacto significativo sobre a manutenção da visão. Todavia, olhos acometidos por uveítes severas apresentaram menor chance de recuperar a visão.
Rev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2018; 31(4):295-303 Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Pecuarias Original articles 295 Tissue fibrosis and its correlation with malignancy in canine mammary tumors ¤ Fibrosis tisular y su correlación con malignidad en neoplasias mamarias caninas Fibrose tecidual e sua correlação com a malignidade em neoplasias mamárias em cadelasAbstract Background: Fibrosis is present in several pathologies associated with mammary carcinogenesis. Objective: To evaluate and quantify the fibrosis present in malignant and benign mammary neoplasms in bitches. Methods: Eighty-three samples were divided according to histopathological diagnosis into benign (n= 21) and malignant (n= 62) neoplasms. Haematoxylin-eosin and Masson's trichrome were used to locate the connective tissue, and the extent of fibrosis was assessed with image software. Results: Benign neoplasms were classified into adenomas (cystic, complex, and tubular), benign mixed tumor, and ductal and lobular hyperplasia. Malignant neoplasms were classified as carcinomas (complex, mixed tumor, in situ tubular, tubulopapillary, and solid). Grade I was the most prevalent histopathological class, followed by grade II and III. Fibrosis was classified as severe, moderate, or discrete. No significant (p>0.05) difference was observed for the percentage of fibrosis between malignant and benign group neoplasms. However, difference (p=0.028) was found for fibrosis percentage between histopathological subtypes of tumors. The benign subtype of lobular hyperplasia presented differences between cystic adenoma and benign mixed tumor. The in situ malignant tubular carcinoma subtype presented differences between solid and tubulopapillary carcinoma. Conclusions: Fibrosis in canine mammary tumors can be estimated with Massons's trichrome staining. Fibrosis and malignancy in canine tumorsRev Colomb Cienc Pecu 2018; 31(4):295-303 Resumen Antecedentes: La fibrosis está presente en diversas patologías asociadas con carcinogénesis mamaria. Objetivo: Analizar si existe una correlación entre fibrosis tisular y malignidad en tumores mamarios caninos. Métodos: 83 muestras de tejido mamario fueron divididas en masas benignas (n=21) y malignas (n=62), de acuerdo con sus características histopatológicas. En estas muestras se utilizaron las coloraciones de hematoxilina-eosina y tricromo de Masson para localizar el tejido conectivo y se analizó la proporción y cuantificación de fibrosis en los mismos con un software de imagen especializado. Resultados: Las masas mamarias benignas se diagnosticaron como adenomas (quístico, complejo y tubular), tumor mixto benigno, e hiperplasia ductal y lobular; las masas malignas, como carcinomas (complejo, tumor mixto, tubular in situ, túbulopapilar y solido). Los tumores grado I fueron los más prevalentes, seguidos por los grados II y III. La fibrosis se clasifico como discreta, moderada o severa. No se observó diferencia (p>0,05) en el porcentaje de fibrosis entre neoplasias benignas y malignas. No obstante, el porcentaje de fibrosis mostro diferencias (p...
Background: Contrast Enchantment Ultrasonography (CEUS) allows for detection of vascular flows that are difficult to detect with traditional methods. There were no reports found in the literature of the use of CEUS to evaluate the vascular pattern of the eye of brachycephalic dogs. The objective of this paper is to describe ultrasound findings observed in the eyes of healthy brachycephalic dogs subjected to CEUS.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty adult brachycephalic dogs were subjected to physical, laboratorial, and ophthalmic examination. The eye structures were evaluated using CEUS after intravenous administration of Sonovue®. Contrast enhancement was seen in 52 eyes with a homogeneous and centrifugal filling pattern. Structures adequately enhanced consisted of the optic nerve, the retina-choroid-sclera complex (RCSC), and the ciliary body. The optic nerve was hyperenhanced and the other structures were isoenhanced. The wash-in time, peak enhancement time, and wash-out time were similar for both right and left eyes. Mean values and standard deviation were calculated for contrast wash-in time, peak enhancement time, and wash-out time in the optic nerve, RCSC, and ciliary body.Discussion: Ultrasound is an important diagnostic resource for veterinary ophthalmology and provides relevant information for the detection of pathological conditions of the eyes of animals. The contrast-enhanced ultrasound allows evaluation of tissues at the capillary level (macro and microcirculation), complementing the vascular ultrasound scan. This study brings original information on contrast-enhanced ultrasound findings for evaluation of eyes in dogs, creating novel diagnostic possibilities for the use of this imaging technique in veterinary ophthalmology. The vascular pattern identified in this study, with enhancement starting at the region of the optic nerve and retina, and then ciliary body (with the optic nerve as the most hyperenhanced structure) is consistent with the expected pattern for dogs without ophthalmic disorders. The posterior ciliary artery is primarily responsible for supplying the optic nerve, later irrigating the retina, lateral and medial segments of the ciliary body. Some works on the evaluation of orbital vascular pattern in humans report a significant variability on anatomical course of the ophthalmic artery and its branches. However, in our study, no significant variation was observed on vascular flow of dogs of different brachycephalic breeds. Retinal blood vessels consist of arteries and veins that emerge from the optic nerve region and from the choroid. Contrast enhancement at the region of the RCSC is justified by the presence of vessels from the choroid that are irrigated by posterior ciliary arteries and drained by vorticose veins, since this structure is responsible for the nutrition of the external portion of the retina. Wash-in, peak enhancement, and wash-out times were similar for right and left eyes owing to anatomical and physiological similarities in vascularization. The homogeneous contrast-filling pattern is of paramount importance, since it will allow differentiation of abnormalities in sick animals, such as partial or total loss of capillarization, which will cause heterogeneity or absence of capillary fill. It will also be important for early diagnosis and evaluation of vascular alterations, especially ischemic changes, especially glaucoma, intraocular neoplasm, progressive retina atrophy, and uveitis. CEUS gives relevant information about the vascular pattern of the eyes of brachycephalic dogs, and is a quick, non-invasive, and safe exam.
This case report describes diagnostic and prognostic applicability of pulmonary acoustic radiation force impulse elastography and ultrasonography in canine hydrops fetalis. We also explore these methods’ potential in prediction of postnatal respiratory dysfunction. Two pregnant bitches (English bulldog [case 1] and French bulldog [case 2]) were referred for sonographic evaluation in their last week of pregnancy. Ultrasound showed that in each bitch, one fetus presented with lung alterations (hyperechogenicity, irregular surface, and pleural effusion) and anasarca. The other fetuses of the litter were normal, and they were observed as light gray and dark blue on pulmonary elastography. Their shear-wave velocity was 0.75m/s. Fetuses with hydrops were observed as medium gray and dark blue, and the average shear-wave velocities were 1.05m/s (case 1) and 1.12m/s (case 2). Findings were compatible with increased lung rigidity. Six neonates of English bulldog and two of French bulldog showed no signs of clinical abnormalities during neonatal assessment. One puppy in each gestation presented with anasarca and respiratory distress, and died approximately 24 hours after birth. Novel ultrasound techniques (elastography) for assessing pulmonary tissues in abnormal fetuses in veterinary obstetrics can promote early, safe, and non-invasive diagnosis of canine prenatal and neonatal alterations.
The objective of this study was to establish ophthalmic parameters in the Pomeranian dog breed. Schirmer tear test (STT), tear breakup time test (TBUTT), Jones test (JT), aesthesiometry, biomicroscopy, tonometry, non-contact specular microscopy (SM), ophthalmoscopy and ultrasonography (US) were carried out 48 eyes of 24 male and female Pomeranian dogs from a breeding kennel. Descriptive statistics was applied for data analysis. Means and standard errors found for STT, TBUT, JT, esthesiometry and tonometry were 24.310±0.448mm/min, 14.570±0.406s., 8.420±1.571min, 3.667±0.157cm and 17.960±0.697mmHg, respectively. For biomicroscopy, 43.75% of the eyes presented caruncle trichiasis, 25% chromodacryorrhea, 25% medial entropion and 10,42% distichiasis. SM showed endothelial cells density of 1958.285±36.760 cells/mm². For hexagonality, endothelial cells area and central corneal thickness were 62.229±2.183%, 519.231±9.853mm², 0.567±0.006mm, respectively. Ophthalmoscopy presented a pattern described in other breeds. Amelanotic fundus was reported in 8.33% of the eyes. The US means and standard errors for axial length of the eyeball, lens thickness, anterior and vitreous chamber depth were 16.859±0.148mm, 6.651±0.081mm, 2.673±0.091mm and 7.485±0.101mm. Mild changes in the lacrimal evaluation parameters were influenced by eyelid changes in STT type I. Increased corneal sensitivity was observed in the breed.
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